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Foreword to the First Edition xxxiii Preface xxxiv Acknowledgments xxxvii Section One: Basic Administration 1Chapter 1: Where to Start 3 Suggested background 4 Linux''s relationship to UNIX 4 Linux in historical context 5 Linux distributions 6 Notation and typographical conventions 9 Where to go for information 11 How to find and install software 14 Essential tasks of the system administrator 16 System administration under duress 18 Recommended reading 19 Exercises 20
Chapter 2: Booting and Shutting Down 21 Bootstrapping 21 Booting PCs 25 Using boot loaders: LILO and GRUB 26 Booting single-user mode 31 Working with startup scripts 32 Rebooting and shutting down 40 Exercises 43
Chapter 3: Rootly Powers 44 Ownership of files and processes 44 The superuser 46 Choosing a root password 47 Becoming root 48 Other pseudo-users 51 Exercises 52
Chapter 4: Controlling Processes 53 Components of a process 53 The life cycle of a process 56 Signals 57 kill and killall: send signals 60 Process states 60 nice and renice: influence scheduling priority 61 ps: monitor processes 62 top: monitor processes even better 65 The /proc filesystem 65 strace: trace signals and system calls 66 Runaway processes 67 Recommended reading 69 Exercises 69
Chapter 5: The Filesystem 70 Pathnames 72 Filesystem mounting and unmounting 73 The organization of the file tree 75 File types 76 File attributes 81 Access control lists 88 Exercises 92
Chapter 6: Adding New Users 93 The /etc/passwd file 93 The /etc/shadow file 99 The /etc/group file 101 Adding users 102 Removing users 107 Disabling logins 108 Managing accounts 108 Exercises 110
Chapter 7: Adding a Disk 111 Disk interfaces 111 Disk geometry 119 Linux filesystems 120 An overview of the disk installation procedure 122 hdparm: set IDE interface parameters 129 fsck: check and repair filesystems 131 Adding a disk: a step-by-step guide 133 Advanced disk management: RAID and LVM 138 Mounting USB drives 147 Exercises 148
Chapter 8: Periodic Processes 150 cron: schedule commands 150 The format of crontab files 151 Crontab management 153 Some common uses for cron 154 Other schedulers: anacron and fcron 156 Exercises 157
Chapter 9: Backups 158 Motherhood and apple pie 159 Backup devices and media 163 Setting up an incremental backup regime with dump 169 Restoring from dumps with restore 173 Dumping and restoring for upgrades 176 Using other archiving programs 177 Using multiple files on a single tape 178 Bacula 179 Commercial backup products 197 Recommended reading 198 Exercises 198
Chapter 10: Syslog and Log Files 201 Logging policies 201 Linux log files 204 logrotate: manage log files 208 Syslog: the system event logger 209 Condensing log files to useful information 220 Exercises 222
Chapter 11: Software and Configuration Management 223 Basic Linux installation 223 Diskless clients 232 Package management 234 High-level package management systems 237 Revision control 247 Localization and configuration 255 Configuration management tools 260 Sharing software over NFS 263 Recommended software 266 Recommended reading 268 Exercises 268 Section Two: Networking 269Chapter 12: TCP/IP Networking 271 TCP/IP and the Internet 272 Networking road map 275 Packets and encapsulation 276 IP addresses: the gory details 282 Routing 293 ARP: the address resolution protocol 296 Addition of a machine to a network 297 Distribution-specific network configuration 307 DHCP: the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 311 Dynamic reconfiguration and tuning 314 Security issues 316 Linux NAT 319 PPP: the Point-to-Point Protocol 320 Linux networking quirks 330 Recommended reading 331 Exercises 332
Chapter 13: Routing 334 Packet forwarding: a closer look 335 Routing daemons and routing protocols 337 Protocols on parade 341 routed: RIP yourself a new hole 343 gated: gone to the dark side 344 Routing strategy selection criteria 344 Cisco routers 346 Recommended reading 348 Exercises 349
Chapter 14: Network Hardware 350 LAN, WAN, or MAN? 351 Ethernet: the common LAN 351 Wireless: nomad''s LAN 359 FDDI: the disappointing, expensive, and outdated LAN 361 ATM: the promised (but sorely defeated) LAN 362 Frame relay: the sacrificial WAN 363 ISDN: the indigenous WAN 364 DSL and cable modems: the people''s WAN 364 Where is the network going? 365 Network testing and debugging 366 Building wiring 366 Network design issues 368 Management issues 370 Recommended vendors 371 Recommended reading 372 Exercises 372
Chapter 15: DNS: The Domain Name System 373 DNS for the impatient: adding a new machine 374 The history of DNS 375 Who needs DNS? 377 The DNS namespace 378 How DNS works 383 What''s new in DNS 386 The DNS database 389 The BIND software 409 Designing your DNS environment 415 BIND client issues 418 BIND server configuration 420 BIND configuration examples 439 Starting named 446 Updating zone files 447 Security issues 451 Testing and debugging 466 Distribution specifics 478 Recommended reading 481 Exercises 482
Chapter 16: The Network File System 484 General information about NFS 484 Server-side NFS 489 Client-side NFS 492 nfsstat: dump NFS statistics 495 Dedicated NFS file servers 496 Automatic mounting 497 Recommended reading 500 Exercises 501
Chapter 17: Sharing System Files 502 What to share 503 nscd: cache the results of lookups 504 Copying files around 505 NIS: the Network Information Service 511 LDAP: the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol 520 Recommended reading 526 Exercises 527
Chapter 18: Electronic Mail 528 Mail systems 530 The anatomy of a mail message 534 Mail philosophy 539 Mail aliases 544 Mailing lists and list wrangling software 551 sendmail: ringmaster of the electronic mail circus 557 sendmail configuration 565 Basic sendmail configuration primitives 570 Fancier sendmail configuration primitives 574 Spam-related features in sendmail 588 Configuration file case study 599 Security and sendmail 603 sendmail performance 611 sendmail statistics, testing, and debugging 615 The Exim Mail System 621 Postfix 623 Recommended reading 639 Exercises 640
Chapter 19: Network Management and Debugging 643 Network troubleshooting 644 ping: check to see if a host is alive 645 traceroute: trace IP packets 647 netstat: get network statistics 649 sar: inspect live interface activity 654 Packet sniffers 655 Network management protocols 657 SNMP: the Simple Network Management Protocol 659 The NET-SMNP agent 661 Network management applications 662 Recommended reading 667 Exercises 668
Chapter 20: Security 669 Is Linux secure? 670 How security is compromised 671 Certifications and standards 673 Security tips and philosophy 676 Security problems in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow 678 POSIX capabilities 683 Setuid programs 683 Important file permissions 684 Miscellaneous security issues 685 Security power tools 688 Cryptographic security tools 694 Firewalls 701 Linux firewall features: IP tables 704 Virtual private networks (VPNs) 708 Hardened Linux distributions 710 What to do when your site has been attacked 710 Sources of security information 712 Recommended reading 715 Exercises 716
Chapter 21: Web Hosting and Internet Servers 719 Web hosting basics 720 HTTP server installation 724 Virtual interfaces 727 The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 730 Caching and proxy servers 733 Anonymous FTP server setup 734 Exercises 736 Section Three: Bunch O'' Stuff 739Chapter 22: The X Window System 741 The X display manager 743 Running an X application 744 X server configuration 748 Troubleshooting and debugging 754 A brief note on desktop environments 757 Recommended Reading 759 Exercises 759
Chapter 23: Printing 761 Printers are complicated 762 Printer languages 763 CUPS architecture 767 CUPS server administration 772 Troubleshooting tips 780 Printer practicalities 782 Other printer advice 784 Printing under KDE 788 Recommended reading 790 Exercises 790
Chapter 24: Maintenance and Environment 791 Hardware maintenance basics 791 Maintenance contracts 792 Electronics-handling lore 793 Monitors 794 Memory modules 794 Preventive maintenance 795 Environment 796 Power 798 Racks 799 Data center standards 800 Tools 800 Recommended reading 800 Exercises 802
Chapter 25: Performance Analysis 803 W