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1. Introduction
1.1 Definition of Surveying
1.2 Geomatics
1.3 History of Surveying
1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys
1.5 Importance of Surveying
1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys
1.7 Surveying Safety
1.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems
1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies
1.10 The Surveying Profession
1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations
1.12 Surveying on the Internet
1.13 Future Challenges in Surveying
2. Units, Significant Figures, and Field Notes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Units of Measurement
2.3 International System of Units (SI)
2.4 Significant Figures
2.5 Rounding Off Numbers
2.6 Field Notes
2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes
2.8 Types of Field Books
2.9 Kinds of Notes
2.10 Arrangements of Notes
2.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes
2.12 Introduction to Survey Controllers
2.13 Transfer of Files from Survey Controllers
2.14 Digital Data File Management
2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Controllers
3.Theory of Errors In Observations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Direct and Indirect Observations
3.3 Errors in Measurements
3.4 Mistakes
3.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations
3.6 Types of Errors
3.7 Precision and Accuracy
3.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors
3.9 Probability
3.10 Most Probable Value
3.11 Residuals
3.12 Occurrence of Random Errors
3.13 General Laws of Probability
3.14 Measures of Precision
3.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation
3.16 The 50%, 90%, and 95% Errors
3.17 Error Propagation
3.18 Applications
3.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations
3.20 Weights of Observations
3.21 Least-Squares Adjustment
4.Leveling--Theory, Methods, and Equipment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definitions
4.3 North American Vertical Datum
4.4 Curvature and Refraction
4.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation
4.6 Categories of Levels
4.7 Telescopes
4.8 Level Vials
4.9 Tilting Levels
4.10 Automatic Levels
4.11 Digital Levels
4.12 Tripods
4.13 Hand Level
4.14 Level Rods
4.15 Testing and Adjusting Levels
5. Leveling--Field Procedures and ComputatIons
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level
5.3 Duties of a Rodperson
5.4 Differential Leveling
5.5 Precision
5.6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits
5.7 Reciprocal Leveling
5.8 Three-Wire Leveling
5.9 Profile Leveling
5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling
5.11 Use of the Hand Level
5.12 Sources of Error in Leveling
5.13 Mistakes
5.14 Reducing Errors and Eliminating Mistakes
5.15 Using Software
6. Distance Measurement
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Summary of Methods For Making Linear Measurements
6.3 Pacing
6.4 Odometer Readings
6.5 Optical Rangefinders
6.6 Tacheometry
6.7 Subtense Bar
6.8 Introduction to Taping
6.9 Taping Equipment and Accessories
6.10 Care of Taping Equipment
6.11 Taping on Level Ground
6.12 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground
6.13 Slope Measurements
6.14 Sources of Error in Taping
6.15 Introduction
6.16 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy
6.17 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement
6.18 Electro-Optical Instruments
6.19 Total Station Instruments
6.20 EDM Instruments Without Reflectors
6.21 Computing Horizontal Lengths From Slope Distances
6.22 Errors in Electronic Distance Measurement
6.23 Using Software
7. Angles, Azimuths, and BearIngs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Units of Angle Measurement
7.3 Kinds of Horizontal Angles
7.4 Direction of a Line
7.5 Azimuths
7.6 Bearings
7.7 Comparison of Azimuths and Bearings
7.8 Computing Azimuths
7.9 Computing Bearings
7.10 The Compass and the Earth''s Magnetic Field
7.11 Magnetic Declination
7.12 Variations in Magnetic Declination
7.13 Software for Determining Magnetic Declination

Elementary Surveying