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Each
chapter opens with an Introduction and ends with References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading.
PART ONE. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY
Chapter 1. Introduction Minerals Mineraloids Mineralogy Mineral Nomenclature General References on Mineralogy Minerals and Society --Natural Resources --Minerals and Health Getting Started Box
1.1 Getting Started: Mineral Physical Properties
Chapter 2. Crystallography Translational Symmetry: Two Dimensions Plane Lattices Translational Symmetry: Three Dimensions --Space Lattices and Unit Cell --Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems Point Symmetry --Reflection --Rotation --Inversion --Compound Symmetry Operations --Symmetry Notation The 32 Point Groups --Steno''s Law --Measurement of Crystal Angles --Determining Crystal System and Crystal Class Space Groups Box
2.1 Quasicrystals Crystal Faces --Laws of Haüy and Bravais --Miller Indices --Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal Crystal System --Determining Miller Index -- Crystallographic Planes --Assigning Miller Indexes by Inspection Crystallographic Directions Zones Crystal Forms --Isometric Forms --Non-isometric Forms --Combining Crystal Forms --Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals --Positive and Negative Forms Forms in the Six Crystal Systems --Triclinic Crystal System --Monoclinic Crystal System --Orthorhombic Crystal System --Tetragonal Crystal System --Hexagonal Crystal System --Isometric Crystal System Crystal Habit
Chapter 3. Crystal Chemistry The Nature of Chemical Elements --Nucleus --Electrons --Formation of Ions Abundance of the Elements Chemical Bonding --Valence-Related Bonding --Relation among Valence-Dependent Bondings Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors --Bonds Involving Asymmetric Charge Distribution Size of Atoms and Ions --Oxidation State --Coordination
Chapter 4. Crystal Structure Illustrating Mineral Structures Controls of Crystal Structure --Structure Controls with Metallic Bonding --Structure Controls with Covalent Bonding --Structure Controls with Ionic Bonding --Application of Pauling''s Rules Structure Controls with Molecular Crystals Isostructural Minerals Polymorphism --Reconstructive Polymorphism --Displacive Polymorphism --Order-Disorder Polymorphism --Polytypism Mineral Classification Compositional Variation in Minerals --Substitutional Solid Solution --Omission Substitution Solution --Intersitial Substitution Mineral Formulas Graphical Representation --Binary diagrams --Ternary diagrams
Chapter 5. Mineral Growth --Mineral Stability --Stability --Gibbs Free Energy --Mineral Reactions Phase Diagrams --Single-Component Systems --Binary Systems Mineral Nucleation --Homogeneous Nucleation --Heterogeneous Nucleation Crystal Growth --Rate of Growth --Zoned Crystals Structural Defects --Point Defects --Line Defects --Planar Defects Twinning --Growth Twinning --Transformation Twinning --Deformation Twinning Post-crystallization Processes --Ordering --Twinning --Recrystallization --Exsolution --Pseudomorphism --Radioactivity and Minerals Mineral Evolution Biomineralization --Biologically Induced Mineralization --Biologically Controlled Mineralization --Applications
PART II: Mineral Properties, Study, and Identification
Chapter 6. Physical Properties of Minerals Mass Dependent Properties --Density --Specific Gravity Properties Related to Mechanical Cohesion --Hardness --Tenacity --Cleavage --Fracture --Parting Color and Luster --Light --Perception of Color --Mineral Luster --Mineral Color --Color from Mechanical Causes --Consistency of Mineral Color --Streak --Luminescence Magnetism --Diamagnetism --Paramagnetism --Ferromagnetism --Ferrimagnetism Electrical Properties --Electrical Conductivity --Piezoelectricity --Pyroelectricity Miscellaneous Properties
Chapter 7. Optical Mineralogy Introduction Light --Light Waves --Polarized Light Interaction of Light and Matter --Optically Isotropic vs. Anisotropic Materials --Reflection and Refraction --Dispersion Petrographic Microscope --Illuminator --Substage Assembly --Microscope Stage --Objective Lenses --Upper Polarizer --Bertrand Lens --Oculars --Focusing Mechanism --Accessories --Direction Conventions Isotropic Materials Anisotropic Minerals --Interference Phenomena --Use of the Interference Color Chart --Extinction --Function of Accessory Plates Optical Indicatrix --Isotropic Indicatrix --Uniaxial Indicatrix --Biaxial Indicatrix Mineral Color & Pleochroism --Isotropic Minerals --Uniaxial Minerals --Biaxial Minerals Extinction Angle and Sign of Elongation --Extinction Angle --Sign of Elongation --Categories of Extinction --Extinction in Uniaxial Minerals --Extinction in Biaxial Minerals Interference Figures --Uniaxial Interference Figures --Biaxial Interference Figure Refractometry: Measurement of Index of Refraction --Immersion Method --Refractometry in Thin Section --Isotropic Minerals --Uniaxial Minerals --Biaxial Minerals Reflected-Light Optics --Observation in Plane-Polarized Light --Observations with Crossed Polarizers --Internal Reflections Tactics for Mineral Identification --Thin Section Identification --Grain Mount Identification --Polished Section Identification
Chapter 8. Introduction to X-ray Crystallography X-rays --X-ray Generation --X-ray Detection X-ray Diffraction Powder Method --Sample Preparation --Instrumental Output --Data Reduction --Powder Diffraction File --Bragg Reflection Indices --Mineral Identification --Mixed Samples --Estimation of Relative Mineral Abundance --Estimation of Composition Determining Unit Cell Parameters
Chapter 9. Chemical Analysis of Minerals Analytical Methods --Wet Chemical --Electron Probe Microanalysis --Scanning Electron Microscopy --X-ray Fluorescence --Mass Spectrometry --Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas
Chapter 10. Strategies for Study Presentation of Mineral Data Mineral Identification Tactics --Hand-Sample Identification --Thin Section Identification --Grain Mount Identification --Polished Section Identification --Electron Microprobe --Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) --X-ray Diffraction Mineral Separation Mineral Association Problems in Paradise Section III: Mineral Descriptions
Chapter 11. Silicates Silicate Structure and Classification Silicate Chemical Formula Mafic vs. Felsic Igneous Rocks --Magmatic Processes --Igneous Environments Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks --Sedimentary Processes --Sedimentary Environments Metamorphic Rocks --Metamorphic Variables --Metamorphic Processes --Metamorphic Grade, Facies, Mineral Zone Boundaries and Isograds --Major Compositional Groups of Metamorphic Rocks --Metamorphic Environments
Chapter 12. Framework Silicates Silica Group --Quartz Box
12.1 Micro- and Non-Crystalline Silica --Tridymite --Cristobalite --Opal Feldspar Group --Composition --Structure --Al/Si Order/-Disorder --Exsolution in the Feldspars --Other Feldspar Intergrowths --Twinning --Plagioclase Alkali Feldspar --Distinguishing Features in Hand Sample --Microcline --Orthoclars --Sanidine --Adularia --Anorthoclase Feldspathoids --Nepheline --Leucite --Sodalite Zeolite Group Other Framework Silicates --Scapolite
Chapter 13. Sheet Silicates Structure and Classification --1:1 Layer Silicates --2:1 Layer Silicates --Polytypism TO Structures (1:1) --Serpentine (Antigorite, Chrysotile, Lizardite) --Kaolinite TOT Structures (2:1) --Talc --Pyrophyllite TOT + c Structures: Mica Minerals (2:1) --Muscovite --Biotite --Lepidolite --Glauconite TOT + c Structures: Brittle Micas (2:1) --Margarite --Clintonite TOT + O Structure --Chlorite Clay Minerals --Structure and Classification --Geology of Clay --Identification --Uses --Clay in the Environment Other Sheet Silicates --Stilpnomelane --Prehnite --Apophyllite --Chrysocolla
Chapter 14. Chain Silicates Pyroxene Group --Structure and Classification --Geology of Pyroxenes --Orthopyroxene --Pigeonite --Calcic Clinopyroxene --Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite --Jadeite --Omphacite --Spodumene