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Preface xv List of Notations xvi 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective and Target Audience 1
1.2 Fire Safety 2
1.3 Performance]based Design 2
1.4 Structural Fire Engineering 5
1.5 Purpose of this Book 5
1.6 Units 6
1.7 Organization of Chapters 6 2 Fire Safety in Buildings 8
2.1 Fire Safety Objectives 8
2.2 Process of Fire Development 9
2.3 Conceptual Framework for Fire Safety 13
2.4 Fire Resistance 17
2.5 Controlling Fire Spread 22
2.6 Building Construction for Fire Safety 29
2.7 Assessment and Repair of Fire Damage 31 3 Fires and Heat 35
3.1 Fires in General 35
3.2 Combustion 37
3.3 Fire Initiation 39
3.4 Pre]flashover Fires 40
3.5 Flashover 48
3.6 Post]flashover Fires 49
3.7 Design Fires 60
3.8 Other Factors 66
3.9 Heat Transfer 69
3.10 Worked Examples 75 4 Fire Severity and Fire Resistance 84
4.1 Providing Fire Resistance 84
4.2 Fire Severity 89
4.3 Equivalent Fire Severity 90
4.4 Fire Resistance 95
4.5 Fire Resistance Tests 96
4.6 Specifying Fire Resistance 103
4.7 Fire Resistance of Assemblies 107
4.8 Worked Examples 113 5 Design of Structures Exposed to Fire 115
5.1 Structural Design at Normal Temperatures 115
5.2 Loads 116
5.3 Structural Design in Fire Conditions 122
5.4 Material Properties in Fire 126
5.5 Design of Individual Members Exposed to Fire 130
5.6 Design of Structural Assemblies Exposed to Fire 135
5.7 Worked Examples 149 6 Steel Structures 154
6.1 Behaviour of Steel Structures in Fire 154
6.2 Steel Temperature Prediction 157
6.3 Protection Systems 166
6.4 Mechanical Properties of Steel at Elevated Temperature 171
6.5 Design of Steel Members Exposed to Fire 179
6.6 Bolted and Welded Connections 187
6.7 Cast]iron Members 188
6.8 Design of Steel Buildings Exposed to Fire 188
6.9 Worked Examples 188 7 Concrete Structures 195
7.1 Behaviour of Concrete Structures in Fire 195
7.2 Concrete Materials in Fire 196
7.3 Spalling of Cover Concrete 201
7.4 Concrete and Steel Reinforcing Temperatures 202
7.5 Mechanical Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures 207
7.6 Design of Concrete Members Exposed to Fire 213
7.7 Worked Examples 224 8 Composite Structures 234
8.1 Fire Resistance of Composite Elements 234
8.2 Assessing Fire Resistance 237
8.3 Behaviour and Design of Individual Composite Members in Fire 238
8.4 Design of Steel and Composite Buildings Exposed to Fire 248
8.5 Worked Example 255 9 Timber Structures 257
9.1 Description of Timber Construction 257
9.2 Wood Temperatures 261
9.3 Mechanical Properties of Wood 264
9.4 Charring Rate 273
9.5 Design for Fire Resistance of Heavy Timber Members 280
9.6 Timber Connections in Fire 290
9.7 Worked Examples 297 10 Light Frame Construction 301
10.1 Summary of Light Frame Construction 301
10.2 Gypsum Plaster Board 304
10.3 Fire Behaviour 309
10.4 Fire Resistance Ratings 311
10.5 Design for Separating Function 314
10.6 Design for Load]bearing Capacity 318
10.7 Steel Stud Walls 325
10.8 Timber Joist Floors 327
10.9 Timber Trusses 328
10.10 Construction Details 329
10.11 Lightweight Sandwich Panels 335 11 Advanced Calculation Methods 340
11.1 Types of Advanced Calculation Methods 340
11.2 Fire Models 341
11.3 Thermal Response Models 344
11.4 Advanced Structural Models 348
11.5 Advanced Hand Calculation Methods 349
11.6 Finite Element Methods for Advanced Structural Calculations 355
11.7 Software Packages for Structural and Thermal Fire Analysis 369 12 Design Recommendations 371
12.1 Summary of Main Points 371
12.2 Summary for Main Materials 372
12.3 Thermal Analysis 375
12.4 Conclusions 376 Appendix A: Units and Conversion Factors 377 Appendix B: Section Factors for Steel Beams 381 References 394 Index 411