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Viser: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces
Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces
M. A. Donelan, W. M. Drennan, E. S. Saltzman og R. Wanninkhof
(2002)
Sprog: Engelsk
American Geophysical Union
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- Hardback: 383 sider
- Udgiver: American Geophysical Union (Januar 2002)
- Forfattere: M. A. Donelan, W. M. Drennan, E. S. Saltzman og R. Wanninkhof
- ISBN: 9780875909868
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 127.
The transfer of gases across the air-water interface has received much attention over the past two decades, particularly in light of increased societal interest in the exchange of greenhouse gases and pollutants between natural water bodies and the atmosphere. Gas transfer at the interface between liquids and gases holds great fascination for a wide range of researchers, from fluid dynamicists to biogeochemists. However, the phenomena of gas transfer, and the problems we face in understanding them, involve daunting issues, including multi-phase flows over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Such complexity is increased by the presence of surface films of both natural and anthropogenic origin, which can modify the physical and chemical nature of the interface. As a result, the challenge of working on gas transfer has stimulated the development of multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts and the development of a variety of innovative experimental and observational techniques.
The transfer of gases across the air-water interface has received much attention over the past two decades, particularly in light of increased societal interest in the exchange of greenhouse gases and pollutants between natural water bodies and the atmosphere. Gas transfer at the interface between liquids and gases holds great fascination for a wide range of researchers, from fluid dynamicists to biogeochemists. However, the phenomena of gas transfer, and the problems we face in understanding them, involve daunting issues, including multi-phase flows over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Such complexity is increased by the presence of surface films of both natural and anthropogenic origin, which can modify the physical and chemical nature of the interface. As a result, the challenge of working on gas transfer has stimulated the development of multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts and the development of a variety of innovative experimental and observational techniques.
Preface Mark A. Donelan, William M. Drennan, Eric S. Saltzman, and Rik Wanninkhof ix Introduction Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces Concepts and Issues Mark A. Donelan and Rik Wanninkhof 1 Section
1: Effects of Surface Waves and Turbulence on Gas Transfer Turbulence Generated by Microscale Breaking Waves and Its Influence on Air-Water Gas Transfer Muhammad H. K. Siddiqui, Mark R. Loewen, Christine Richardson, William E. Asher, and Andrew T. Jessup 11 On the Surface Kinematics of Microscale Breaking Wind Waves William L. Peirson and Michael L. Banner 17 Effect of Microscale Wave Breaking on Air-Water Gas Transfer C. J. Zappa, W. E. Asher, A. T. jessup, J. Klinke, and S. R. Long 23 Statistics of Geometric Properties of Breaking Wind Waves Observed in Laboratory Guillemette Caulliez 31 Overview of the CoOP Experiments: Physical and Chemical Measurements Parameterizing Air-Sea Heat Exchange Erik John Bock, James Bearer Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Tetsu Hara, Horst Haussecker, Bernd Jahne, Wade R. McCillis, Sean P. McKenna, Robert K. Nelson, Uwe Schimpf, and Mete Uz 39 Surface Wave Observations During CoOP Experiments and Their Relation to Air-Sea Gas Transfer Tetsu Hara, B. Mete Uz, Hua Wei, James B. Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Wade R. McCillis, Sean P. McKenna, Erik J. Bock, Horst Hau&ecker, and Uwe Schimpf 45 On the Investigations of Statistical Properties of the Micro Turbulence at the Ocean Surface Uwe Schimpf, Bernd Jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 51 On the Skewness of the Sea Slope Probability Distribution Bertrand Chapron, D. Vandemark, and T. Elfouhaily 59 Directional Distributions and Mean Square Slopes of Surface Waves Paul A. Hwang and David W. Wang 65 Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Processes Beneath a Wind-Driven Water Surface Wu-Ting Tsai 71 Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Free Surface Flow with Carbon-Dioxide Gas Absorption Tomoaki Kunugi and Shin-ichi Satake 77 LIF Measurements of Oxygen Concentration Gradients Along Flat and Wavy Air-Water Interfaces Philip T. Woodrow, Jr. and Steve R. Duke 83 A Direct Visualization Method of C 0 2 Gas Transfer at Water Surface Driven by Wind Waves Kohsei Takehara and Goji T. Etoh 89 Measurements of Wind-Driven Current Near the Water Surface by the Use of the PTV Method Hajime Kato, Hisamichi Nobuoka, and Naoki Ooshima 97 Physics from IR Image Sequences: Quantitative Analysis of Transport Models and Parameters of Air-Sea Gas Transfer Horst W. Haussecker, Uwe Schimpf, Christoph S. Garbe, and Bernd Jahne 103 Measuring the Sea Surface Heat Flux and Probability Distribution of Surface Renewal Events Christoph S. Garbe, Bernd jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 109 Effects of Counter-Swell on Both the Mean Current and Turbulent Structure Below the Wind-Waves Shinjiro Mizuno 115 A Closer Look at Short Waves Generated by Wave Interactions With Adverse Currents Steven R. Long and Jochen Klinket 121 Surface Divergence and Air-Water Gas Transfer Sean R. McKenna and Wade R. McGillis 129 Section
2: Effects of Buoyancy and Surfactants on Gas Transfer The Critical Importance of Buoyancy Flux for Gas Flux Across the Air-Water Interface Sally Maclntyre, Werner Eugster, and George W. Kling 135 A Model of Air-Sea Gas Exchange Incorporating the Physics of the Turbulent Boundary Layer and the Properties of the Sea Surface Alexander Soloviev and Peter Schluessel 141 Air-Lake Interaction and Surface Layer Processes C. N. Panin, A. E. Nasonov, and S. C
. Sarkisian 147 Spatial Variations in Surface Microlayer Surfactants and Their Role in Modulating Air-Sea Exchange Nelson M. Frew, Robert K. Nelson, Wade R. McGillis, James B. Edson, Erik J. Bock, and Tetsu Hara 153 Thermal Profiling of the Sea Surface Skin Layer Using FTIR Measurements Jennifer A. Hanafin and Peter J. Minnett 161 An Autonomous Profiler for Near Surface Temperature Measurements Brian Ward and Peter J. Minnett 167 Water Column C02 Measurements During the Gas Ex-98 Expedition R. A. Feely, R. Wanninkhof, D. A. Hansell, M. F. Lamb, D. Greeley, and K. Lee 173 Fine Thermohaline Structure and Gas-Exchange in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean During GasEx-98 Alexander Soloviev, Jim Edson, Wade McGillis, Peter Schluessel, and Rik Wanninkhof 181 Section
3: Gas Transfer in Strong Turbulent Flows A Field Study of Whitecap Coverage and Its Modulations by Energy Containing Surface Waves The Physical and Practical Implications of a C02 Gas Transfer Coefficient That Varies as the Cube of the Wind Speed Edward C. Monahan 193 Fractional Area Whitecap Coverage and Air-Sea Gas Transfer Velocities Measured During GasEx-98 William Asher, James Edson, Wade McGillis, Rik Wanninkhof, David T. Ho, and Trina Litchendorf 199 Gas Transfer in Energetic Conditions David Kevin Woolf 205 Estimation of Whitecap Coverage Percentage Using Shallow Grazing-Angle Video and FMICW Radar Craig L. Stevens, M. J. Smith, and J. A. McGregor 213 ASGAMAGE, the Air-Sea Gas Exchange/MAGE Experiment Wiebe Oost and AS AM AGE participants 219 Comparison of the Deliberate Tracer Method and Eddy Covariance Measurements to Determine the Air/Sea Transfer Velocity of C02 Cor Jacobs, Phil Nightingale, Rob Upstill-Goddard, Jorgen Friis Kjeld, Soren Larsen, and Wiebe Oost 225 Gas Transfer Velocities for 3He in a Lake at High Wind Speeds Philippe Jean-Baptiste, Elise Fourre, and Alain Poisson 233 Measurement Uncertainty in Gas Exchange Coefficients J. S. Gulliver, B. Erickson, A. J. Zaske, and K. S. Shimon 239 Measurements of Free Surface Turbulence Joseph J. Orlins and John S. Gulliver 247 Gas Transfer Across a Zero-Shear Surface: A Local Approach Mohamed A. Atmane and Jacques George 255 Atmosphere-Ocean Gas Exchange Due to Bubbles Generated by Wind Wave Breaking Roman S. Bortkovskii 261 The Effect of Bubbles on Air-Water Oxygen Transfer in the Breaker Zone Shohachi Kakuno, Douglas B. Moog, Tetsuya Tatekawa, Kenji Takemura, and Tatsuya Yamagishi 265 Bubble Size Distributions on the North Atlantic and North Sea Gerrit de Leeuw and Leo H. Cohen 271 Measurements of Large Bubbles in Open-Ocean Whitecaps Dale Stokes, Grant Deane, Svein Vagle, and David Farmer 279 The Effects of Bubbles on Mass Transfer Across the Breaking Air-Water Interface Satoru Komori and Ryuta Misumi 285 LUMINY - An Overview C. de Leeuw, C. J. Kunz, C. Caulliez, D. K. Woolf, P. Bowyer, I. Leifer, P. Nightingale, M. Liddicoat, T.
5. Rhee, M. O. Andreae, S. E. Larsen, F. A. Hansen, and
5. Lund 291 Bubbles Outside the Plume During the LUMINY Wind-Wave Experiment Gerrit de Leeuw and Ira Leifer 295 Bubble Measurements in Breaking-Wave Generated Bubble Plumes During the LUMINY Wind-Wave Experiment Ira Leifer and Gerrit de Leeuw 303 An Experimental Study of Bubble Mediated Gas Exchange for a Single Bubble Nobuhito Mori, Masahiro Imamura, and Ryosuke Yamamoto 311 Better Bubble Process Modeling: Improved Bubble Hydrodynamics Parameterization Ranjan Patro, Ira Leifer, and Peter Bowyer 315 Development and Testing of an Eddy Accumulator W. John Cooper, Mehran Alaee, and Mark Donelan 321 Section
4: Remote Sensing for Large-Scale Gas Transfer A Multi-Year Time Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from theTOPEX Dual Frequency, Normalized Radar Backscatter Algorithm David M. Glover, Nelson M. Frew, Scott J
. McCue, and Erik J
. Bock 325 A Global, High Resolution, Satellite-Based Model of Air-Sea Isoprene Flux David J. Erickson III and Jose L. Hernandez 333 Daily Surface Wind Fields Produced by Merged Satellite Data Abderrahim Bentamy, Kristina B. Katsaros, William M. Drennan, and Evan B. Forde 343 The Effect of Using Time-Averaged Winds on Regional Air-Sea C 0 2 Fluxes Rik Wanninkhof, Scott C. Doney, Taro Takahashi, and Wade R. McGillis 351 Section
5: Gas Transfer by Aeration A Dynamic Method to Estimate the Reoxygenation Rate at Hydraulic Structures Badre E. Boumansour, Olivier Dufayt, Jean L. Vasel, and Jean M. Hiver 357 Mass Transfer in Bubbly Flows: Influence of Physico-Chemical and Hydrodynamic Conditions Cornelia Lang 363 Air-Water Gas Transfer in Uniform Flows With Large Gravel-Bed Roughness Douglas B. Moog and Gerhard H. Jirka 371 Large Scale Laboratory Experiments for Water Oxygenation Under Breaking Waves V. K. Tsoukala, E. I. Dan HI, and C. I. Moutzouris 377
1: Effects of Surface Waves and Turbulence on Gas Transfer Turbulence Generated by Microscale Breaking Waves and Its Influence on Air-Water Gas Transfer Muhammad H. K. Siddiqui, Mark R. Loewen, Christine Richardson, William E. Asher, and Andrew T. Jessup 11 On the Surface Kinematics of Microscale Breaking Wind Waves William L. Peirson and Michael L. Banner 17 Effect of Microscale Wave Breaking on Air-Water Gas Transfer C. J. Zappa, W. E. Asher, A. T. jessup, J. Klinke, and S. R. Long 23 Statistics of Geometric Properties of Breaking Wind Waves Observed in Laboratory Guillemette Caulliez 31 Overview of the CoOP Experiments: Physical and Chemical Measurements Parameterizing Air-Sea Heat Exchange Erik John Bock, James Bearer Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Tetsu Hara, Horst Haussecker, Bernd Jahne, Wade R. McCillis, Sean P. McKenna, Robert K. Nelson, Uwe Schimpf, and Mete Uz 39 Surface Wave Observations During CoOP Experiments and Their Relation to Air-Sea Gas Transfer Tetsu Hara, B. Mete Uz, Hua Wei, James B. Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Wade R. McCillis, Sean P. McKenna, Erik J. Bock, Horst Hau&ecker, and Uwe Schimpf 45 On the Investigations of Statistical Properties of the Micro Turbulence at the Ocean Surface Uwe Schimpf, Bernd Jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 51 On the Skewness of the Sea Slope Probability Distribution Bertrand Chapron, D. Vandemark, and T. Elfouhaily 59 Directional Distributions and Mean Square Slopes of Surface Waves Paul A. Hwang and David W. Wang 65 Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Processes Beneath a Wind-Driven Water Surface Wu-Ting Tsai 71 Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Free Surface Flow with Carbon-Dioxide Gas Absorption Tomoaki Kunugi and Shin-ichi Satake 77 LIF Measurements of Oxygen Concentration Gradients Along Flat and Wavy Air-Water Interfaces Philip T. Woodrow, Jr. and Steve R. Duke 83 A Direct Visualization Method of C 0 2 Gas Transfer at Water Surface Driven by Wind Waves Kohsei Takehara and Goji T. Etoh 89 Measurements of Wind-Driven Current Near the Water Surface by the Use of the PTV Method Hajime Kato, Hisamichi Nobuoka, and Naoki Ooshima 97 Physics from IR Image Sequences: Quantitative Analysis of Transport Models and Parameters of Air-Sea Gas Transfer Horst W. Haussecker, Uwe Schimpf, Christoph S. Garbe, and Bernd Jahne 103 Measuring the Sea Surface Heat Flux and Probability Distribution of Surface Renewal Events Christoph S. Garbe, Bernd jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 109 Effects of Counter-Swell on Both the Mean Current and Turbulent Structure Below the Wind-Waves Shinjiro Mizuno 115 A Closer Look at Short Waves Generated by Wave Interactions With Adverse Currents Steven R. Long and Jochen Klinket 121 Surface Divergence and Air-Water Gas Transfer Sean R. McKenna and Wade R. McGillis 129 Section
2: Effects of Buoyancy and Surfactants on Gas Transfer The Critical Importance of Buoyancy Flux for Gas Flux Across the Air-Water Interface Sally Maclntyre, Werner Eugster, and George W. Kling 135 A Model of Air-Sea Gas Exchange Incorporating the Physics of the Turbulent Boundary Layer and the Properties of the Sea Surface Alexander Soloviev and Peter Schluessel 141 Air-Lake Interaction and Surface Layer Processes C. N. Panin, A. E. Nasonov, and S. C
. Sarkisian 147 Spatial Variations in Surface Microlayer Surfactants and Their Role in Modulating Air-Sea Exchange Nelson M. Frew, Robert K. Nelson, Wade R. McGillis, James B. Edson, Erik J. Bock, and Tetsu Hara 153 Thermal Profiling of the Sea Surface Skin Layer Using FTIR Measurements Jennifer A. Hanafin and Peter J. Minnett 161 An Autonomous Profiler for Near Surface Temperature Measurements Brian Ward and Peter J. Minnett 167 Water Column C02 Measurements During the Gas Ex-98 Expedition R. A. Feely, R. Wanninkhof, D. A. Hansell, M. F. Lamb, D. Greeley, and K. Lee 173 Fine Thermohaline Structure and Gas-Exchange in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean During GasEx-98 Alexander Soloviev, Jim Edson, Wade McGillis, Peter Schluessel, and Rik Wanninkhof 181 Section
3: Gas Transfer in Strong Turbulent Flows A Field Study of Whitecap Coverage and Its Modulations by Energy Containing Surface Waves The Physical and Practical Implications of a C02 Gas Transfer Coefficient That Varies as the Cube of the Wind Speed Edward C. Monahan 193 Fractional Area Whitecap Coverage and Air-Sea Gas Transfer Velocities Measured During GasEx-98 William Asher, James Edson, Wade McGillis, Rik Wanninkhof, David T. Ho, and Trina Litchendorf 199 Gas Transfer in Energetic Conditions David Kevin Woolf 205 Estimation of Whitecap Coverage Percentage Using Shallow Grazing-Angle Video and FMICW Radar Craig L. Stevens, M. J. Smith, and J. A. McGregor 213 ASGAMAGE, the Air-Sea Gas Exchange/MAGE Experiment Wiebe Oost and AS AM AGE participants 219 Comparison of the Deliberate Tracer Method and Eddy Covariance Measurements to Determine the Air/Sea Transfer Velocity of C02 Cor Jacobs, Phil Nightingale, Rob Upstill-Goddard, Jorgen Friis Kjeld, Soren Larsen, and Wiebe Oost 225 Gas Transfer Velocities for 3He in a Lake at High Wind Speeds Philippe Jean-Baptiste, Elise Fourre, and Alain Poisson 233 Measurement Uncertainty in Gas Exchange Coefficients J. S. Gulliver, B. Erickson, A. J. Zaske, and K. S. Shimon 239 Measurements of Free Surface Turbulence Joseph J. Orlins and John S. Gulliver 247 Gas Transfer Across a Zero-Shear Surface: A Local Approach Mohamed A. Atmane and Jacques George 255 Atmosphere-Ocean Gas Exchange Due to Bubbles Generated by Wind Wave Breaking Roman S. Bortkovskii 261 The Effect of Bubbles on Air-Water Oxygen Transfer in the Breaker Zone Shohachi Kakuno, Douglas B. Moog, Tetsuya Tatekawa, Kenji Takemura, and Tatsuya Yamagishi 265 Bubble Size Distributions on the North Atlantic and North Sea Gerrit de Leeuw and Leo H. Cohen 271 Measurements of Large Bubbles in Open-Ocean Whitecaps Dale Stokes, Grant Deane, Svein Vagle, and David Farmer 279 The Effects of Bubbles on Mass Transfer Across the Breaking Air-Water Interface Satoru Komori and Ryuta Misumi 285 LUMINY - An Overview C. de Leeuw, C. J. Kunz, C. Caulliez, D. K. Woolf, P. Bowyer, I. Leifer, P. Nightingale, M. Liddicoat, T.
5. Rhee, M. O. Andreae, S. E. Larsen, F. A. Hansen, and
5. Lund 291 Bubbles Outside the Plume During the LUMINY Wind-Wave Experiment Gerrit de Leeuw and Ira Leifer 295 Bubble Measurements in Breaking-Wave Generated Bubble Plumes During the LUMINY Wind-Wave Experiment Ira Leifer and Gerrit de Leeuw 303 An Experimental Study of Bubble Mediated Gas Exchange for a Single Bubble Nobuhito Mori, Masahiro Imamura, and Ryosuke Yamamoto 311 Better Bubble Process Modeling: Improved Bubble Hydrodynamics Parameterization Ranjan Patro, Ira Leifer, and Peter Bowyer 315 Development and Testing of an Eddy Accumulator W. John Cooper, Mehran Alaee, and Mark Donelan 321 Section
4: Remote Sensing for Large-Scale Gas Transfer A Multi-Year Time Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from theTOPEX Dual Frequency, Normalized Radar Backscatter Algorithm David M. Glover, Nelson M. Frew, Scott J
. McCue, and Erik J
. Bock 325 A Global, High Resolution, Satellite-Based Model of Air-Sea Isoprene Flux David J. Erickson III and Jose L. Hernandez 333 Daily Surface Wind Fields Produced by Merged Satellite Data Abderrahim Bentamy, Kristina B. Katsaros, William M. Drennan, and Evan B. Forde 343 The Effect of Using Time-Averaged Winds on Regional Air-Sea C 0 2 Fluxes Rik Wanninkhof, Scott C. Doney, Taro Takahashi, and Wade R. McGillis 351 Section
5: Gas Transfer by Aeration A Dynamic Method to Estimate the Reoxygenation Rate at Hydraulic Structures Badre E. Boumansour, Olivier Dufayt, Jean L. Vasel, and Jean M. Hiver 357 Mass Transfer in Bubbly Flows: Influence of Physico-Chemical and Hydrodynamic Conditions Cornelia Lang 363 Air-Water Gas Transfer in Uniform Flows With Large Gravel-Bed Roughness Douglas B. Moog and Gerhard H. Jirka 371 Large Scale Laboratory Experiments for Water Oxygenation Under Breaking Waves V. K. Tsoukala, E. I. Dan HI, and C. I. Moutzouris 377
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