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List of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 1
1.2 Cognitive Radio 4
1.3 The Spectrum-Underutilization Problem 7
1.4 Countrywide Measurements of Spectrum Utilization 8
1.5 Why be Interested in Cognitive Radio Networks? 9
1.6 Directed Information Flow 11
1.7 Cognitive Radio Networks 14
1.8 Mathematical Toolbox 17
1.8.1 Game Theory 17
1.8.2 Control Theory 18
1.8.3 Optimization under Uncertainty 19
1.9 Dominant Sources of Uncertainty in Cognitive Radio Networks 20
1.10 Issue of Trustworthiness 22
1.11 Vision for the Book 22 2 GameTheory 25
2.1 Game Theory Terminology 25
2.1.1 Noncooperative Games versus Cooperative Games 26
2.1.2 Static Games versus Dynamic Games 26
2.1.3 One-Shot Games versus Repeated Games 26
2.1.4 Games with Complete Information versus Games with Incomplete Information 26
2.1.5 Games with Perfect Information versus Games with Imperfect Information 26
2.2 Noncooperative Games 27
2.2.1 Nash Equilibrium 28
2.2.2 Variational Inequalities 28
2.3 Cooperative Games 28
2.3.1 Nash Bargaining 29
2.4 Minority Games 29
2.5 Concluding Remarks 30 3 Cognitive Radio Transceiver 31
3.1 Spectrum Sensing 32
3.1.1 Attributes of Reliable Spectrum Sensing 33
3.1.2 The Multitaper Method 33
3.1.3 Space-Time Processing 38
3.1.4 Time-Frequency Analysis 41
3.1.5 Cyclostationarity: Fourier Perspective 50
3.1.6 Rayleigh Fading Channels 54
3.1.7 Remarks on Nonparametric Spectrum Sensing 55
3.1.8 Filter-Bank Implementation of the Multitaper Method 57
3.1.9 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 57
3.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management 58
3.2.1 The Tsigankov-Koulakov Model 60
3.2.2 Self-Organizing Dynamic Spectrum Management 61
3.2.3 Dynamic Spectrum Management Based on Minority Games 68
3.2.4 Self-Organized Maps versus Minority Games 70
3.3 Transmit-Power Control 71
3.3.1 Waterfilling Interpretation of Information Capacity Theorem 75
3.3.2 Iterative Waterfilling Algorithm (IWFA) 77
3.3.3 IWFA as a Multistage Optimization Problem in Light of System Uncertainties 80
3.3.4 Robust IWFA 80
3.3.5 The Price of Robustness 81
3.3.6 Robust IWFA versus Classic IWFA 82
3.4 Information Value 91
3.5 Concluding Remarks 93 4 Cognitive Radio Networks 94
4.1 Cognitive Radio Networks Viewed as Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 94
4.2 Open-access Cognitive Radio Networks 99
4.2.1 Network Dynamics 102
4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Network Viewed as a Hybrid Dynamic System 109
4.2.3 Network Stability in the Presence of Uncertainty and Time Delay 111
4.2.4 Double-layer Dynamics of Cognitive Radio Networks 115
4.3 Market-driven Cognitive Radio Networks 121
4.3.1 Legacy Owners 124
4.3.2 Spectrum Brokers 125
4.3.3 Secondary Users 126
4.3.4 Equilibrium of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 127
4.3.5 Network Dynamics 129
4.3.6 Network Stability 129
4.3.7 The Transportation Network Representation of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 129
4.4 Supply Chain Efficiency 131
4.5 Concluding Remarks 133
4.5.1 Two Regimes of Cognitive Radio Networks 133
4.5.2 Supply Chain Networks 135
4.5.3 Cognitive Radio Commercialization 136
4.5.4 The Role of Cognition in Cognitive Radio Networks 137 5 Sustainability of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 140
5.1 Unlicensed Bands as Public Goods 140
5.2 The Spectrum-Supply Chain Network as an Artificial Economy 142
5.3 Aiming for Lindahl Equilibria 144
5.4 Concluding Remarks 147 6 Cognitive Heterogeneous Networks 148
6.1 Heterogeneous Networks 148
6.2 Horizontal Mergers of Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 151
6.2.1 Premerger Status 151
6.2.2 Spectrum Sharing 154
6.2.3 Infrastructure Sharing 155
6.2.4 Spectrum and Infrastructure Sharing 155
6.3 Synergy Measure for Horizontal Mergers 155
6.4 Concluding Remarks 156 Appendix A Mathematical Model for Open-Access Cognitive Radio Networks 157 Appendix B Proof of Theorems 167 References