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Preface xvii 1 Nanostructured Polymer Membranes: Applications, State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1 Visakh. P. M
1.1 Membranes: Technology and Applications 1
1.2 Polymer Membranes: Gas and Vapor Separation 3
1.3 Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 4
1.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Methanol Fuel Cell 5
1.5 Polymer Membranes for Water Desalination and Treatment 6
1.6 Biopolymer Electrolytes for Energy Devices 7
1.7 Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes 9
1.8 Natural Nanofibers in Polymer Membranes for Energy Applications 10
1.9 Potential of Carbon Nanoparticles for Pervaporation Polymeric Membranes 14
1.10 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Nanofiltration Application 16
1.11 Fundamentals, Applications and Future Prospects of Nanofiltration Membrane Technique 18 References 19 2 Membranes: Technology and Applications 27 Yang Liu and Guibin Wang
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Reverse Osmosis Process 37
2.3 Ultrafiltration Process 50
2.4 Pervaporation Process 59
2.5 Microfiltration Process 65
2.6 Coupled and Facilitated Transport 69 References 84 3 Polymeric Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separations 89 Seyed Saeid Hosseini and Sara Najari
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Significance and Prominent Industrial Applications 91
3.3 Fundamentals and Transport of Gases in Polymeric Membranes 100
3.4 Polymeric Membrane Materials for Gas and Vapor Separations 112
3.5 Strategies for Tuning the Transport in Polymeric Membranes through Molecular Design and Architecture 128
3.6 Process Modeling and Simulation 132
3.7 Challenges and Future Directions 141
3.8 Concluding Remarks 144 References 144 4 Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 159 Alireza Zirehpour and Ahmad Rahimpour
4.1 Introduction 160
4.2 Membrane Theory 161
4.3 Membrane Separation Techniques in Industry 168
4.4 Membrane Operations in Wastewater Management 178
4.5 Existing Membrane Processes 185
4.6 Industrial Development of Membrane Modules 194
4.7 Conclusion 198 References 198 5 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Methanol Fuel Cell 209 Kilsung Kwon and Daejoong Kim
5.1 Introduction 209
5.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 212
5.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 228
5.4 Principle and Working Process of PEMFCs 232
5.5 Principle and Working Process of DMFCs 236
5.6 Modeling and Theory of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 241
5.7 Conclusion 243 References 243 6 Polymer Membranes for Water Desalination and Treatment 251 T'nia L. S. Silva, Sergio Morales-Torres, José L. Figueiredo and Adrián M. T. Silva
6.1 Introduction 252
6.2 Polymer Membranes Used in Distillation 253
6.3 Membrane Distillation 256
6.4 Desalination Driven by MD Systems 265
6.5 MD Hybrid Systems for Water Desalination and Treatment 272
6.6 Conclusions 275 Acknowledgments 275 References 276 7 Polymeric Pervaporation Membranes: Organic-Organic Separation 287 Francesco Galiano, Francesco Falbo and Alberto Figoli
7.1 General Introduction on Pervaporation 287
7.2 Brief History of Pervaporation 290
7.3 Polymeric Materials for Organic-Organic Separation - General Requirements 291
7.4 Pervaporation Case Studies for Organic-Organic Separation 298
7.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 303 References 303 8 Biopolymer Electrolytes for Energy Devices 311 Tan Winie1 and A. K. Arof
8.1 Introduction 312
8.2 Chitosan-Based Electrolyte Membranes 312
8.3 Methyl Cellulose-based Electrolyte Membranes 315
8.4 Biopolymer Electrolytes in Lithium Polymer Batteries 317
8.5 Biopolymer Electrolytes in Supercapacitors 322
8.6 Polymer Electrolytes in Fuel Cells 328
8.7 Biopolymer Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 332
8.8 Conclusions 344 Acknowledgments 346 References 346 9 Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes: A Promising Electrolyte Membrane for High Temperature PEMFC 357 S. R. Dhanushkodi, M. W.Fowler, M. D. Pritzker and W. Merida
9.1 Introduction 357
9.2 Synthesis of PBI 362
9.3 Characterization of PBI 363
9.4 Research Needs and Conclusions 370 Table of Abbreviations 373 References 374 10 Natural Nanofibers in Polymer Membranes for Energy Applications 379 Annalisa Chiappone
10.1 Introduction 379
10.2 Natural Fibers 380
10.2.1 Cellulose and Chitin Structures 381
10.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Natural Fibers: Production, Properties and General Applications 386
10.4 Applications of Natural Fibers Nanocomposite Membranes in the Energy Field 393
10.5 Conclusions 402 References 403 11 Potential Interests of Carbon Nanoparticles for Pervaporation Polymeric Membranes 413 Anastasia V. Penkova and Denis Roizard
11.1 Introduction 413
11.2 Principle of Permeation 415
11.3 Current Requirements for Pervaporation Membranes 418
11.4 Performances of Nanocomposite Membranes: From Membrane Preparations to Enhanced Properties with Carbon Nanoparticles 420
11.5 Impact of the Insertion of Carbon Particles in Pervaporation Membranes 422
11.6 Pervaporation Membranes 423
11.7 Pervaporation with the Use of MMM Containing Pristine Carbon Particles 424
11.8 Pervaporation with the Use of MMM Containing Functionalized Carbon Particles 427
11.9 Conclusion 434 Acknowledgment 435 References 435 12 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Nanofiltraion Application 441 Vahid Vatanpour, Mahdie Safarpour and Alireza Khataee
12.1 Introduction 442
12.2 Nanofiltration Process: History and Principles 443
12.3 Mixed Matrix Nanofiltration Membranes 444
12.4 Applications of Mixed Matrix Nanofiltration Membranes 468
12.5 Conclusion 469 Acknowledgment 470 List of Abbreviations 470 References 471 13 Fundamentals, Applications and Future Prospects of Nanofiltration Membrane Technique 477 Siddhartha Moulik, Shaik Nazia and S. Sridhar
13.1 Introduction 478
13.2 Membrane Synthesis 483
13.3 Membrane Characterization 485
13.4 Equations for Calculation of Operating Parameters 487
13.5 Effect of Feed Pressure on Process Flux 488
13.6 Optimization of NF Process Using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 490
13.7 Applications of NF in Societal Development and Industrial Progress 501
13.8 Economics of NF Process for Groundwater Purification 510
13.9 Conclusions 514 References 515 Index 519