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Preface xix Acknowledgements xxiii Volume I 1 Introduction to Membrane Science and Technology 1
1.1 History of Membrane Science and Technology 1
1.2 Membrane Module 6
1.3 Necessity of Membrane Science and Technology 7 References 8 2 Membrane Structure 13
2.1 Structural Design of Membranes 13
2.2 Symmetric Non-porous and Porous Membranes 14
2.3 Asymmetric and Composite Membranes 15
2.4 Relation between Structure and Preparation Condition of Membrane 16
2.5 Structure of Liquid Membranes 50
2.6 Structure of Inorganic Membranes 53 References 53 3 Preparation Methods of Membranes 59
3.1 Polymer Membranes 59
3.2 Inorganic Membranes 74
3.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes 75
3.4 Liquid Membranes 76 References 80 4 Membrane Shapes and Modules 87
4.1 Membrane Shapes 87
4.2 Membrane Module 94 References 102 5 Characterization of Membrane 105
5.1 Methods and Subjects of Evaluation 105 References 142 6 Fundamentals of Membrane Transport Phenomena 147
6.1 Thermodynamical Fundamentals for Membrane Transport 147
6.2 Solution-Diffusion Model 166
6.3 Pore Flow 171 References 177 7 Phenomena during Membrane Permeation and Separation 181
7.1 Concentration Polarization 181
7.2 Membrane Fouling 197 References 199 8 Dialysis 205
8.1 Diffusion Dialysis 205
8.2 Donnan Dialysis 224
8.3 Neutralization Dialysis 226
8.4 Piezodialysis 228
8.5 Electrodialysis 233
8.6 Technologies of Electrodialysis 237
8.7 Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes 244 References 251 9 Reverse Osmosis 259
9.1 Principle of Reverse Osmosis 259
9.2 Fundamental Analysis of Reverse Osmosis 259
9.3 Materials and Structures of Reverse Osmosis Membranes 266
9.4 Concentration Polarization and Fouling 270
9.5 Technologies and Applications of Reverse Osmosis 274
9.6 Membrane Module of Reverse Osmosis 289
9.7 Membrane Cleaning 291 References 292 10 Nanofiltration 297
10.1 Principle of Nanofiltration 297
10.2 Fundamental Analysis of Nanofiltration 297
10.3 Membranes and Modules for Nanofiltration 300
10.4 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling in Nanofiltration 308
10.5 Technology 311 References 318 11 Ultrafiltration 325
11.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration 325
11.2 Fundamental Analysis of Ultrafiltration 325
11.3 Membranes for Ultrafiltration 333
11.4 Ultrafiltration Modes 333
11.5 Concentration Polarization and Fouling in Ultrafiltration 335
11.6 Ultrafiltration Technology 342
11.7 Ultrafiltration Applications 343 References 355 12 Microfiltration 359
12.1 Principle of Microfiltration 359
12.2 Fundamental Analysis of Microfiltration 360
12.3 Membranes for Microfiltration 363
12.4 Fouling in Microfiltration 365
12.5 Module of Microfiltration 368
12.6 Microfiltration Technology 368 References 375 13 Comparison of Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Processes 379
13.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Technologies 379
13.2 Problems of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 382 References 383 Volume II 14 Forward Osmosis 385
14.1 Principle of Forward Osmosis 385
14.2 Advantages and Problems of Forward Osmosis 385
14.3 Fundamental Analysis of Forward Osmosis 387
14.4 Membranes and Modules for Forward Osmosis 387
14.5 Technology 391
14.6 Application Area of Forward Osmosis Process 391
14.7 Improvement of Forward Osmosis Membrane Performance 401
14.8 Fouling in Forward Osmosis 406 References 408 15 Pervaporation 413
15.1 Principle of Pervaporation 413
15.2 Fundamental Analysis of Pervaporation 414
15.3 Membranes for Pervaporation 417
15.4 Technologies 428 References 461 16 Evapomeation 471
16.1 Principle of Evapomeation 471
16.2 Membranes of Evapomeation 472
16.3 Technology of Evapomeation 475 References 502 17 Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 509
17.1 Principle of Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 509
17.2 Membranes of Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 509
17.3 Technology of Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation 510 References 533 18 Membrane Distillation 535
18.1 Principle of Membrane Distillation 535
18.2 Fundamental Analysis of Membrane Distillation 537
18.3 Membranes of Membrane Distillation 541
18.4 Technologies of Membrane Distillation 546 References 553 19 Gas Permeation 559
19.1 Beginning of Gas Permeation 559
19.2 Fundamentals of Gas Permeation 560
19.3 Membranes for Gas Permeation 567
19.4 Membranes from Inorganic Materials 575
19.5 Modules of Gas Separation Membrane 577
19.6 Technology of Gas Permeation Membrane 577 References 583 20 Carrier Transport 587
20.1 Fundamental Principle of Carrier Transport through Artificial Membranes 587
20.2 Carriers in Membrane Transport 591
20.3 Technology of Carrier Transport Membranes 596 References 629 21 Membrane Reactor 635
21.1 Concept of Membrane Reactors 635
21.2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors 635
21.3 Technology of Membrane Reactors 640 References 661 22 Membrane Contactors 667
22.1 Principle and Fundamentals of Membrane Contactors 667
22.2 Membranes for Membrane Contactors 669
22.3 Technology of Membrane Contactors 672 References 676 23 Fuel Cell Membranes 679
23.1 Principles of the Fuel Cell 679
23.2 Good Points of Fuel Cells 680
23.3 Membranes for Fuel Cells 681
23.4 Technology of Fuel Cells 682 References 691 24 Hybrid Systems of the Membrane Separation Process 695
24.1 Hybrid Systems of Membrane Technology and Reactive Production Step, Other Separation Technology 695
24.2 Hybrid Systems with Plural Membrane Technology 705 References 713 25 Optical Resolution by Membranes 717
25.1 Present Conditions and Problem of Optical Resolution with Membranes 717
25.2 Membranes for Optical Resolution 718
25.3 Technology of Optical Resolution Membranes 721 References 730 26 Material Separations by Other Membrane Processes 735
26.1 Carbon Nanotube Membranes 735
26.2 Graphene Membranes 736
26.3 Technologies of Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Membranes 738 References 760 27 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future 769 Reference 771 Index 773