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Refrigeration Systems and Applications Vital Source e-bog
Ibrahim Dincer
(2017)
Refrigeration Systems and Applications
Ibrahim Dinçer
(2017)
Sprog: Engelsk
om ca. 10 hverdage
Detaljer om varen
- 3. Udgave
- Vital Source searchable e-book (Reflowable pages)
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons (Marts 2017)
- ISBN: 9781119230786
The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers
This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author’s pioneering research.
Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness.
This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials.
- Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies
- Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches
- Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications
- Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications
- Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis
- Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examples
Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.
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Detaljer om varen
- 3. Udgave
- Hardback: 752 sider
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons, Limited (April 2017)
- ISBN: 9781119230755
The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers
This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author's pioneering research.
Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness.
This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials.
- Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies
- Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches
- Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications
- Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications
- Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis
- Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examples
Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Dimensions and Units 2
1.2.1 Systems of Units 2
1.2.1.1 Mass 2
1.2.1.2 Length 2
1.2.1.3 Force 3
1.2.1.4 Density and Specific Volume 3
1.2.1.5 Mass Flow Rate and Volumetric Flow Rate 3
1.2.1.6 Temperature 4
1.2.1.7 Pressure 6
1.3 Thermodynamics 9
1.3.1 Thermodynamic Systems 9
1.3.2 Thermodynamic Laws 10
1.3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 10
1.3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 12
1.3.4.1 Exergy and its Importance 13
1.3.4.2 Reversibility and Irreversibility 15
1.3.4.3 Reversible Work and Exergy Destruction 15
1.3.5 Dincer''s Six-step Approach 15
1.3.6 Pure Substances 25
1.3.6.1 State and Change of State 25
1.3.6.2 Vapor States 27
1.3.6.3 Sensible Heat, Latent Heat and Latent Heat of Fusion 27
1.3.6.4 Specific Heat 27
1.3.6.5 Specific Internal Energy 28
1.3.6.6 Specific Enthalpy 28
1.3.6.7 Specific Entropy 28
1.3.6.8 Energy Change and Energy Transfer 29
1.3.6.9 Flow Energy 29
1.3.6.10 Heat Transfer 29
1.3.6.11 Work 30
1.3.6.12 Thermodynamic Tables 30
1.4 Ideal and Real Gases 30
1.5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 36
1.5.1 The Carnot Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 38
1.6 Psychrometrics 49
1.6.1 Common Definitions in Psychrometrics 50
1.6.2 Balance Equations for Air and Water Vapor Mixtures 52
1.6.3 The Psychrometric Chart 53
1.7 Concluding Remarks 64 Nomenclature 64 Study Problems 67 References 70 2 Refrigerants 71
2.1 Introduction 71
2.2 Classification of Refrigerants 72
2.2.1 Halocarbons 72
2.2.2 Hydrocarbons 73
2.2.3 Inorganic Compounds 74
2.2.3.1 Ammonia (R-717) 74
2.2.3.2 Carbon dioxide (R-744) 75
2.2.3.3 Air (R-729) 75
2.2.4 Azeotropic mixtures 75
2.2.5 Nonazeotropic mixtures 76
2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants 76
2.3.1 Prefixes 76
2.3.2 Decoding the Number 77
2.3.3 Isomers 78
2.4 Secondary Refrigerants 79
2.5 Refrigerant-absorbent Combinations 80
2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer 82
2.6.1 Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion 84
2.6.2 Ozone Depletion Potential 85
2.6.3 Montreal Protocol 88
2.7 Global Warming 89
2.7.1 Global Warming Potential 93
2.8 Clean Air Act 94
2.8.1 Significant New Alternative Policies Program 94
2.8.2 Classification of Substances 96
2.9 Key Refrigerants 103
2.9.1 R-134a 103
2.9.2 R- 123 105
2.9.3 Nonazeotropic (Zeotropic) Mixtures 106
2.9.4 Azeotropic Mixtures 108
2.9.5 Ammonia (R-717) 110
2.9.6 Propane (R-290) 111
2.9.7 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) 113
2.10 Selection of Refrigerants 115
2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants 116
2.12 Lubricating Oils and their Effects 120
2.13 Concluding Remarks 122 Study Problems 122 References 125 3 Refrigeration System Components 127
3.1 Introduction 127
3.2 History of Refrigeration 128
3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems 130
3.4 Refrigeration System Components 131
3.5 Compressors 132
3.5.1 Hermetic Compressors 133
3.5.2 Semi-hermetic Compressors 135
3.5.3 Open Compressors 136
3.5.4 Classification of Compressors 136
3.5.5 Positive Displacement Compressors 137
3.5.5.1 Reciprocating Compressors 137
3.5.5.2 Rotary Compressors 137
3.5.6 Dynamic Compressors 144
3.5.6.1 Centrifugal Compressors 144
3.5.6.2 Axial Compressors 147
3.5.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressor 147
3.5.8 Compressor Capacity and Performance Assessment 149
3.5.8.1 Compression Ratio 149
3.5.8.2 Compressor Efficiency 150
3.5.8.3 Compressor Capacity Control for Better Performance 151
3.6 Condensers 156
3.6.1 Water-cooled Condensers 157
3.6.2 Air-cooled Condensers 157
3.6.3 Evaporative Condensers 158
3.6.4 Cooling Towers 159
3.6.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Condenser 160
3.7 Evaporators 165
3.7.1 Liquid Coolers 165
3.7.2 Air and Gas Coolers 166
3.7.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporator 167
3.8 Throttling Devices 172
3.8.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves 172
3.8.2 Constant Pressure Expansion Valves 173
3.8.3 Float Valves 173
3.8.4 Capillary Tubes 174
3.8.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Throttling Valve 174
3.9 Auxiliary Devices 177
3.9.1 Accumulators 177
3.9.2 Receivers 178
3.9.3 Oil Separators 178
3.9.4 Strainers 179
3.9.5 Dryers 179
3.9.6 Check Valves 179
3.9.7 Solenoid Valves 179
3.9.8 Defrost Controllers 179
3.10 Concluding Remarks 180 Nomenclature 180 Study Problems 182 References 187 4 Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 189
4.1 Introduction 189
4.2 Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 189
4.2.1 Evaporation 190
4.2.2 Compression 190
4.2.3 Condensation 190
4.2.4 Expansion 191
4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 192
4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 195
4.5 Actual Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 200
4.5.1 Superheating and Subcooling 201
4.5.1.1 Superheating 201
4.5.1.2 Subcooling 203
4.5.2 Defrosting 204
4.5.3 Purging Air in Refrigeration Systems 205
4.5.3.1 Air Purging Methods 206
4.5.4 Twin Refrigeration System 209
4.6 Air-standard Refrigeration Systems 210
4.6.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Basic Air-standard Refrigeration Cycle 211
4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 216
4.7.1 Basic Absorption Refrigeration Systems 218
4.7.2 Ammonia-water (NH3-H2O) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 219
4.7.3 Energy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 221
4.7.4 Three-fluid (Gas Diffusion) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 224
4.7.5 Water-lithium Bromide (H2O -LiBr) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 225
4.7.5.1 Single-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 226
4.7.5.2 Double-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 227
4.7.5.3 Crystallization 229
4.7.6 Steam Ejector Recompression Absorption Refrigeration Systems 230
4.7.7 Electrochemical Absorption Refrigeration Systems 231
4.7.8 Absorption-augmented Refrigeration System 232
4.7.9 Exergy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 239
4.7.10 Performance Evaluation of an Absorption Refrigeration System 243
4.8 Concluding Remarks 245 Nomenclature 245 Study Problems 247 References 258 5 Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 261
5.1 Introduction 261
5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles 262
5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 268
5.3.1 Two-stage Cascade Systems 269
5.3.2 Three-stage (Ternary) Cascade Refrigeration System 274
5.4 Multi-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 280
5.5 Steam-jet Refrigeration Systems 311
5.6 Adsorption Refrigeration 317
5.7 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 322
5.7.1 Performance Assessment 325
5.8 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 328
5.8.1 Performance Assessment of Thermoelectric Coolers 329
5.9 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 332
5.10 Metal Hydride Refrigeration 334
5.10.1 Operational Principles 335
5.10.2 Regeneration Process 336
5.10.3 Refrigeration Process 336
5.11 Magnetic Refrigeration 337
5.11.1 Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle 339
5.11.2 Active Magnetic Regenerators 340
5.12 Supermarket Refrigeration Practices 345
5.12.1 Direct Expansion Systems 346
5.12.2 Distributed Systems 347
5.12.3 Secondary Loop Systems 348
5.13 Concluding Remarks 349 Nomenclature 349 Study Problems 351 References 354 6 Renewable Energy-based Integrated Refrigeration Systems 357
6.1 Introduction 357
6.2 Solar-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 358
6.3 Solar-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 364
6.4 Wind-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 368
6.5 Hydropowered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 371
6.6 Geothermal-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 375
6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 379
6.8 Biomass-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 383
6.9 Concluding Remarks 393 Nomenclature 394 Study Problems 395 Reference 398 7 Heat Pipes 399
7.1 Introduction 399
7.2 Heat Pipes 400
7.2.1 Heat Pipe Use 403
7.3 Heat Pipe Applications 403
7.3.1 Heat Pipe Coolers 404
7.3.2 Insulated Water Coolers 404
7.3.3 Heat Exchanger Coolers 404
7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling 405
7.5 Types of Heat Pipes 407
7.5.1 Micro Heat Pipes 408
7.5.2 Cryogenic Heat Pipes 408
7.6 Heat Pipe Components 408
7.6.1 Container 410
7.6.2 Working Fluid 411
7.6.3 Selection of Working Fluid 413
7.6.4 Wick or Capillary Structure 414
7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes 417
7.7.1 Heat Pipe Operating Predictions 418
7.7.1.1 Gravity-aided Orientation 419
7.7.1.2 Horizontal Orientation 419
7.7.1.3 Against Gravity Orientation 420
7.7.2 Heat Pipe Arrangement 421
7.8 Heat Pipe Performance 421
7.8.1 Effective Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance 423
7.9 Desi
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