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Preface xiii
Part 1 Engineering of Materials, Characterizations, and Applications 1 Mechanical Behavior and Resistance of Structural Glass Beams in Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) with Adhesive Joints 3 Chiara Bedon and Jan Belis
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Overview on Structural Glass Applications in Buildings 5
1.3 Glass Beams in LTB 5
1.3.1 Susceptibility of Glass Structural Elements to Buckling Phenomena 5
1.3.2 Mechanical and Geometrical Influencing Parameters in Structural Glass Beams 8
1.3.3 Mechanical Joints 9
1.3.4 Adhesive Joints 10
1.4 Theoretical Background for Structural Members in LTB 14
1.4.1 General LTB Method for Laterally Unrestrained (LU) Members 14
1.4.2 LTB Method for Laterally Unrestrained (LU) Glass Beams 17
1.4.2.1 Equivalent Thickness Methods for Laminated Glass Beams 18
1.4.3 Laterally Restrained (LR) Beams in LTB 23
1.4.3.1 Extended Literature Review on LR Beams 23
1.4.3.2 Closed-form Formulation for LR Beams in LTB 24
1.4.3.3 LR Glass Beams Under Positive Bending Moment My 28
1.5 Finite-element Numerical Modeling 31
1.5.1 FE Solving Approach and Parametric Study 32
1.5.1.1 Linear Eigenvalue Buckling Analyses (lba) 32
1.5.1.2 Incremental Nonlinear Analyses (inl) 35
1.6 LTB Design Recommendations 38
1.6.1 LR Beams Under Positive Bending Moment My 38
1.6.2 Further Extension and Developments of the Current Outcomes 39
1.7 Conclusions 42 References 44 2 Room Temperature Mechanosynthesis of Nanocrystalline Metal Carbides and Their Microstructure Characterization 49 S.K. Pradhan and H. Dutta
2.1 Introduction 50
2.1.1 Application 50
2.1.2 Different Methods for Preparation of Metal Carbide 50
2.1.3 Mechanical Alloying 51
2.1.4 Planetary Ball Mill 51
2.1.5 The Merits and Demerits of Planetary Ball Mill 52
2.1.6 Review of Works on Metal Carbides by Other Authors 53
2.1.7 Significance of the Study 54
2.1.8 Objectives of the Study 55
2.2 Experimental 56
2.3 Theoretical Consideration 58
2.3.1 Microstructure Evaluation by X-ray Diffraction 58
2.3.2 General Features of Structure 60
2.4 Results and Discussions 60
2.4.1 XRD Pattern Analysis 60
2.4.2 Variation of Mol Fraction 65
2.4.3 Phase Formation Mechanism 69
2.4.4 Is Ball-milled Prepared Metal Carbide Contains Contamination? 71
2.4.5 Variation of Particle Size 72
2.4.6 Variation of Strain 74
2.4.7 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study 76
2.4.8 Comparison Study between Binary and Ternary Ti-based Metal Carbides 76
2.5 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgment 80 References 80 3 Toward a Novel SMA-reinforced Laminated Glass Panel 87 Chiara Bedon and Filipe Amarante dos Santos
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Glass in Buildings 89
3.2.1 Actual Reinforcement Techniques for Structural Glass Applications 92
3.3 Structural Engineering Applications of Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs) 93
3.4 The Novel SMA-Reinforced Laminated Glass Panel Concept 94
3.4.1 Design Concept 94
3.4.2 Exploratory Finite-Element (FE) Numerical Study 96
3.4.2.1 General FE Model Assembly Approach and Solving Method 96
3.4.2.2 Mechanical Characterization of Materials 98
3.5 Discussion of Parametric FE Results 101
3.5.1 Roof Glass Panel (M1) 101
3.5.1.1 Short-term Loads and Temperature Variations 102
3.5.1.2 First-cracking Configuration 106
3.5.2 Point-supported Façade Panel (M2) 109
3.5.2.1 Short-term Loads and Temperature Variations 111
3.6 Conclusions 114 References 117 4 Sustainable Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose for Papermaking 121 Noé Aguilar-Rivera
4.1 Pulp and Paper Industry 122
4.2 Sugar Industry 123
4.3 Sugarcane Bagasse 124
4.4 Advantageous Utilizations of SCB 129
4.5 Applications of SCB Wastes 130
4.6 Problematic of Nonwood Fibers in Papermaking 131
4.7 SCB as Raw Material for Pulp and Paper 134
4.8 Digestion 135
4.9 Bleaching 135
4.10 Properties of Bagasse Pulps 136
4.10.1 Pulp Strength 137
4.10.2 Pulp Properties 137
4.10.3 Washing Technology 138
4.10.4 Paper Machine Operation 138
4.11 Objectives 138
4.12 Old Corrugated Container Pulps 139
4.13 Synergistic Delignification SCB-OCC 141
4.14 Elemental Chlorine-Free Bleaching of SCB Pulps 150
4.15 Conclusions 156 References 158 5 Bio-inspired Composites: Using Nature to Tackle Composite Limitations 165 F. Libonati
5.1 Introduction 166
5.2 Bio-inspiration: Bone as Biomimetic Model 169
5.3 Case Studies Using Biomimetic Approach 172
5.3.1 Fiber-reinforced Bone-inspired Composites 172
5.3.2 Fiber-reinforced Bone-inspired Composites with CNTs 176
5.3.3 Bone-inspired Composites via 3D Printing 177
5.4 Methods 179
5.4.1 Composite Lamination 180
5.4.2 Additive Manufacturing 181
5.4.3 Computational Modeling 182
5.5 Conclusions 183 References 185
Part 2 Computational Modeling of Materials 6 On the Electronic Structure and Band Gap of ZnSxSe1-x 193 Ghassan H. E. Al-Shabeeb and A. K. Arof
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 Computational Method 194
6.3 The k·p Perturbation Theory with the Effect of Spin-Orbit Interaction 197
6.4 Results and Discussion 202 Acknowledgment 205 References 205 7 Application of First Principles Theory to the Design of Advanced Titanium Alloys 207 Y. Song, J. H. Dai, and R. Yang
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Basic Concepts of First Principles 208
7.3 Theoretical Models of Alloy Design 211
7.3.1 The Hume-Rothery Theory 211
7.3.2 Discrete Variational Method and d-Orbital Method 216
7.3.2.1 Discrete Variational Method 216
7.3.2.2 d-Electrons Alloy Theory 218
7.4 Applications 219
7.4.1 Phase Stability 219
7.4.1.1 Binary Alloy 219
7.4.1.2 Multicomponent Alloys 222
7.4.2 Elastic Properties 223
7.4.3 Examples 226
7.4.3.1 Gum Metal 226
7.4.3.2 Ti2448 (Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn) 227
7.5 Conclusions 230 Acknowledgment 230 References 230 8 Digital Orchid: Creating Realistic Materials 233 Iftikhar B. Abbasov
8.1 Introduction 234
8.2 Conclusion 243 References 243 9 Transformation Optics-based Computational Materials for Stochastic Electromagnetics 245 Ozlem Ozgun and Mustafa Kuzuoglu
9.1 Introduction 246
9.2 Theory of Transformation Optics 249
9.3 Scattering from Rough Sea Surfaces 252
9.3.1 Numerical Validation and Monte Carlo Simulations 256
9.4 Scattering from Obstacles with Rough Surfaces or Shape Deformations 258
9.4.1 Numerical Validation and Monte Carlo Simulations 263
9.4.2 Combining Perturbation Theory and Transformation Optics for Weakly Perturbed Surfaces 264
9.5 Scattering from Randomly Positioned Array of Obstacles 268
9.5.1 Separate Transformation Media 269
9.5.1.1 Numerical Validation & Monte Carlo Simulations 271
9.5.2 A Single Transformation Medium 273
9.5.2.1 Numerical Validation & Monte Carlo Simulations 275
9.5.3 Recurring Scaling and Translation Transformations 276
9.5.3.1 Numerical Validation & Monte Carlo Simulations 278
9.6 Propagation in a Waveguide with Rough or Randomly Varying Surface 278
9.3.1 Numerical Validation and Monte Carlo Simulations 283
9.7 Conclusion 287 References 288 10 Superluminal Photons Tunneling through Brain Microtubules Modeled as Metamaterials and Quantum Computation 291 Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri and Takaaki Musha
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 QED Coherence in Water: A Brief Overview 295
10.3 "Electronic" QED Coherence in Brain Microtubules 301
10.4 Evanescent Field of Coherent Photons and Their Superluminal Tunneling through MTs 305
10.5 Coupling between Nearby MTs and their Superluminal Interaction through the Exchange of Virtual Superradiant Photons 312
10.6 Discussion 316
10.7 Brain Microtubules as "Natural" Metamaterials and the Amplification of Evanescent Tunneling Wave Amplitude 319
10.8 Quantum Computation by Means of Superluminal Photons 325
10.9 Conclusions 329 References 330 11 Advanced Fundamental-solution-based Computational Methods for Thermal Analysis of Heterogeneous Materials 335 Hui Wang and Qing-Hua Qin
11.1 Introduction 336
11.2 Basic Formulation of MFS 338
11.2.1 Standard MFS 338
11.2.2 Modified MFS 340
11.2.2.1 RBF Interpolation for the Particular Solution 341
11.2.2.2 MFS for the Homogeneous Solution 342
11.2.2.3 Complete Solution 343
11.3 Basic Formulation of HFS-FEM 344
11.3.1 Problem Statement 344
11.3.2 Implementation of the HFS-FEM 346
11.3.4 Recovery of Rigid-body Motion 349
11.4 Applications in Functionally Graded Materials 349
11.4.1 Basic Equations in Functionally Graded Materials 349
11.4.2 MFS for Functionally Graded Materials 350
11.4.3 HFS-FEM for Functionally Graded Materials 353
11.5 Applications in Composite Materials 357
11.5.1 Basic Equations of Composite Materials 357
11.5.2 MFS for Composite Materials 360
11.5.2.1 MFS for the Matrix Domain 360
11.5.2.2 MFS for