Hjem

Preface xv 1 Extracellular Matrix Proteins for Stem Cell Fate 1 Betül Çelebi-Saltik
1.1 Human Stem Cells, Sources, and Niches 2
1.2 Role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors 5
1.2.1 Shape 5
1.2.2 Topography Regulates Cell Fate 6
1.2.3 Stiffness and Stress 6
1.2.4 Integrins 7
1.2.5 Signaling via Integrins 9
1.3 Extracellular Matrix of the Mesenchyme: Human Bone Marrow 11
1.4 Biomimetic Peptides as Extracellular Matrix Proteins 13 References 15 2 The Superficial Mechanical and Physical Properties of Matrix Microenvironment as Stem Cell Fate Regulator 23 Mohsen Shahrousvand, Gity Mir Mohamad Sadeghi and Ali Salimi
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Fabrication of the Microenvironments with Different Properties in Surfaces 25
2.3 Effects of Surface Topography on Stem Cell Behaviors 28
2.4 Role of Substrate Stiffness and Elasticity of Matrix on Cell Culture 31
2.5 Stem Cell Fate Induced by Matrix Stiffness and Its Mechanism 32
2.6 Competition/Compliance between Matrix Stiffness and Other Signals and Their Effect on Stem Cells Fate 33
2.7 Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Stem Cells in Two Dimensions versus Three Dimensions 34
2.8 Effects of External Mechanical Cues on Stem Cell Fate from Surface Interactions Perspective 34
2.9 Conclusions 35 Acknowledgments 36 References 36 3 Effects of Mechanotransduction on Stem Cell Behavior 43 Bahar Bilgen and Sedat Odabas
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 The Concept of Mechanotransduction 45
3.3 The Mechanical Cues of Cell Differentiation and Tissue Formation on the Basis of Mechanotransduction 46
3.4 Mechanotransduction via External Forces 47
3.4.1 Mechanotransduction via Bioreactors 48
3.4.2 Mechanotransduction via Particle-based Systems 51
3.4.3 Mechanotransduction via Other External Forces 53
3.5 Mechanotransduction via Bioinspired Materials 54
3.6 Future Remarks and Conclusion 54 Declaration of Interest 55 References 55 4 Modulation of Stem Cells Behavior Through Bioactive Surfaces 65 Eduardo D. Gomes, Rita C. Assunção-Silva, Nuno Sousax, Nuno A. Silva and António J. Salgado
4.1 Lithography 66
4.2 Micro and Nanopatterning 70
4.3 Microfluidics 71
4.4 Electrospinning 71
4.5 Bottom-up/Top-down Approaches 74
4.6 Substrates Chemical Modifications 75
4.6.1 Biomolecules Coatings 76
4.6.2 Peptide Grafting 77
4.7 Conclusion 78 References 79 Contents vii 5 Influence of Controlled Micro- and Nanoengineered Environments on Stem Cell Fate 85 Anna Lagunas, David Caballero and Josep Samitier
5.1 Introduction to Engineered Environments for the Control of Stem Cell Differentiation 86
5.1.1 Stem Cells Niche In Vivo: A Highly Dynamic and Complex Environment 86
5.1.2 Mimicking the Stem Cells Niche In Vitro: Engineered Biomaterials 88
5.2 Mechanoregulation of Stem Cell Fate 89
5.2.1 From In Vivo to In Vitro: Influence of the Mechanical Environment on Stem Cell Fate 89
5.2.2 Regulation of Stem Cell Fate by Surface Roughness 90
5.2.3 Control of Stem Cell Differentiation by Micro- and Nanotopographic Surfaces 92
5.2.4 Physical Gradients for Regulating Stem Cell Fate 96
5.3 Controlled Surface Immobilization of Biochemical Stimuli for Stem Cell Differentiation 100
5.3.1 Micro- and Nanopatterned Surfaces: Effect of Geometrical Constraint and Ligand Presentation at the Nanoscale 100
5.3.2 Biochemical Gradients for Stem Cell Differentiation 107
5.4 Three-dimensional Micro- and Nanoengineered Environments for Stem Cell Differentiation 112
5.4.1 Three-dimensional Mechanoregulation of Stem Cell Fate 113
5.4.2 Three-dimensional Biochemical Patterns for Stem Cell Differentiation 119
5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 122 References 122 6 Recent Advances in Nanostructured Polymeric Surface: Challenges and Frontiers in Stem Cells 141 Ilaria Armentano, Samantha Mattioli, Francesco Morena, Chiara Argentati, Sabata Martino, Luigi Torre and Josè Maria Kenny
6.1 Introduction 142
6.2 Nanostructured Surface 144
6.3 Stem Cell 146
6.4 Stem Cell/Surface Interaction 147
6.5 Microscopic Techniques Used in Estimating Stem Cell/Surface 148
6.5.1 Fluorescence Microscopy 148
6.5.2 Electron Microscopy 149
6.5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 153
6.5.3.1 Instrument 154
6.5.3.2 Cell Nanomechanical Motion 156
6.5.3.3 Mechanical Properties 156
6.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158 References 158 7 Laser Surface Modification Techniques and Stem Cells Applications 165 Çagri Kaan Akkan
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 Fundamental Laser Optics for Surface Structuring 166
7.2.1 Definitive Facts for Laser Surface Structuring 167
7.2.1.1 Absorptivity and Reflectivity of the Laser Beam by the Material Surface 167
7.2.1.2 Effect of the Incoming Laser Light Polarization 168
7.2.1.3 Operation Mode of the Laser 169
7.2.1.4 Beam Quality Factor 170
7.2.1.5 Laser Pulse Energy/Power 171
7.2.2 Ablation by Laser Pulses 172
7.2.2.1 Focusing the Laser Beam 172
7.2.2.2 Ablation Regime 173
7.3 Methods for Laser Surface Structuring 174
7.3.1 Physical Surface Modifications by Lasers 174
7.3.1.1 Direct Structuring 175
7.3.1.2 Beam Shaping Optics 177
7.3.1.3 Direct Laser Interference Patterning 180
7.3.2 Chemical Surface Modification by Lasers 181
7.3.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition 181
7.3.2.2 Laser Surface Alloying 184
7.3.2.3 Laser Surface Oxidation and Nitriding 186
7.4 Stem Cells and Laser-Modified Surfaces 187
7.5 Conclusions 191 References 192 8 Plasma Polymer Deposition: A Versatile Tool for Stem Cell Research 197 M. N. Macgregor-Ramiasa and K. Vasilev
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 The Principle and Physics of Plasma Methods for Surface Modification 199
8.2.1 Plasma Sputtering, Etching an Implantation 200
8.2.2 Plasma Polymer Deposition 201
8.3 Surface Properties Influencing Stem Cell Fate 202
8.3.1 Plasma Methods for Tailored Surface Chemistry 203
8.3.1.1 Oxygen-rich Surfaces 204
8.3.1.2 Nitrogen-rich Surfaces 208
8.3.1.3 Systematic Studies and Copolymers 210
8.3.2 Plasma for Surface Topography 211
8.3.3 Plasma for Surface Stiffness 213
8.3.4 Plasma for Gradient Substrata 215
8.3.5 Plasma and 3D Scaffolds 218
8.4 New Trends and Outlook 219
8.5 Conclusions 219 References 220 9 Three-dimensional Printing Approaches for the Treatment of Critical-sized Bone Defects 231 Sara Salehi, Bilal A. Naved and Warren L. Grayson
9.1 Background 232
9.1.1 Treatment Approaches for Critical-sized Bone Defects 232
9.1.2 History of the Application of 3D Printing to Medicine and Biology 233
9.2 Overview of 3D Printing Technologies 234
9.2.1 Laser-based Technologies 235
9.2.1.1 Stereolithography 235
9.2.1.2 Selective Laser Sintering 236
9.2.1.3 Selective Laser Melting 236
9.2.1.4 Electron Beam Melting 237
9.2.1.5 Two-photon Polymerization 237
9.2.2 Extrusion-based Technologies 238
9.2.2.1 Fused Deposition Modeling 238
9.2.2.2 Material Jetting 238
9.2.3 Ink-based Technologies 239
9.2.3.1 Inkjet 3D Printing 239
9.2.3.2 Aerosol Jet Printing 239
9.3 Surgical Guides and Models for Bone Reconstruction 240
9.3.1 Laser-based Surgical Guides 240
9.3.2 Extrusion-based Surgical Guides 240
9.3.3 Ink-based Surgical Guides 241
9.4 Three-dimensionally Printed Implants for Bone Substitution 242
9.4.1 Laser-based Technologies for Metallic Bone Implants 244
9.4.2 Extrusion-based Technologies for Bone Implants 245
9.4.3 Ink-based Technologies for Bone Implants 246
9.5 Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration 246
9.5.1 Laser-based Printing for Regenerative Scaffolds 247
9.5.2 Extrusion-based Printing for Regenerative Scaffolds 247
9.5.3 Ink-based Printing for Regenerative Scaffolds 249
9.5.4 Pre- and Postprocessing Techniques 250
9.5.4.1 Preprocessing 250
9.5.4.2 Postprocessing: Sintering 256
9.5.4.3 Postprocessing: Functionalization 256
9.6 Bioprinting 257
9.7 Conclusion 262 List of Abbreviation 263 References 264 10 Application of Bioreactor Concept and Modeling Techniques to Bone Regeneration and Augmentation Treatments 277 Oscar A. Deccó and Jésica I. Zuchuat
10.1 Bone Tissue Regeneration 278
10.1.1 Proinflammatory Cytokines 279
10.1.2 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 279
10.1.3 Angiogenesis in Regeneration 280
10.2 Actual Therapeutic Strategies and Concepts to Obtain an Optimal Bone Quality and Quantity 281
10.2.1 Guided Bone Regeneration Based on Cells 282
10.2.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cells 282
10.2.1.2 Adult Stem Cells 282
10.2.1.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 283
10.2.2 Guided Bone Regeneration Based on PRP and Growth Factors 284
10.2.2.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 287
10.2.3 Guided Bone Regeneration Based on Barrier Membranes 288
10.2.4 Guided Bone Regeneration Based on Scaffolds 290
10.3 Bioreactors Employed for Tissue Engineering in Guided Bone Regeneration 291
10.4 Bioreactor Concept in Guided Bone Regeneration and Tissue