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An Overview of ICP-MS Principles of Operation Principles of Ion Formation Ion Formation Natural Isotopes Sample Introduction Aerosol Generation Droplet Selection Nebulizers Spray Chambers Plasma Source The Plasma Torch Formation of an ICP Discharge The Function of the RF Generator Ionization of the Sample Interface Region Capacitive Coupling Ion Kinetic Energy Benefits of a Well-Designed Interface Ion-Focusing System Role of the Ion Optics Dynamics of Ion Flow Commercial Ion Optic Designs Mass Analyzers: Quadrupole Technology Quadrupole Technology Basic Principles of Operation Quadrupole Performance Criteria Mass Analyzers: Double-Focusing Magnetic Sector Technology Magnetic Sector Mass Spectroscopy: A Historical Perspective Use of Magnetic Sector Technology for ICP-MS Principles of Operation of Magnetic Sector Technology Resolving Power Other Benefits of Magnetic Sector Instruments Summing Up Mass Analyzers: Time-of-Flight Technology Basic Principles of Time-of-Flight (TOF) Technology Commercial Designs Differences between Orthogonal and On-Axis TOF Benefits of TOF Technology for ICP-MS Mass Analyzers: Collision/Reaction Cell and Interface Technology Basic Principles of Collision/Reaction Cells Different Collision/Reaction Cell Approaches The Collision/Reaction Interface Using Reaction Mechanisms in a Collision Cell The "Universal" Cell Detection Limit Comparison Summary Ion Detectors Channel Electron Multiplier Faraday Cup Discrete Dynode Electron Multiplier Extending the Dynamic Range Extending the Dynamic Range Using Pulse-Only Mode Peak Measurement Protocol Measurement Variables Measurement Protocol Optimization of Measurement Protocol Multielement Data Quality Objectives Methods of Quantitation Quantitative Analysis Semiquantitative Analysis Isotope Dilution Isotope Ratios Internal Standardization Review of Interferences Spectral Interferences Matrix Interferences Sample Preparation Collecting the Sample Preparing the Sample Grinding the Sample Sample Dissolution Methods Choice of Reagents and Standards Vessels, Containers, and Sample Preparation Equipment The Environment The Analyst Instrument and Methodology Routine Maintenance Sample Introduction System Interface Region Ion Optics Roughing Pumps Air Filters Other Components to Be Periodically Checked Final Thoughts on Routine Maintenance Alternative Sample Introduction Techniques Laser Ablation Flow Injection Analysis Electrothermal Vaporization Chilled Spray Chambers and Desolvation Devices Direct Injection Nebulizers (DIN) Enhanced Productivity Sampling Systems Coupling ICP-MS with Chromatographic Techniques for Trace Element Speciation HPLC Coupled with ICP-MS Chromatographic Separation Requirements Sample Introduction Requirements Optimization of ICP-MS Parameters Summary Common ICP-MS Applications Environmental Biomedical Geochemical Semiconductor Nuclear Other Applications Summary Emerging ICP-MS Application Areas The Analysis of Power Plant Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewaters (FGDW) Multielement Analysis of Seawater Using Automated Inline Chemistry Procedures The Characterization of Nanoparticles by ICP-MS Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) Coupled with ICP-MS Comparing ICP-MS with Other Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques Flame Atomic Absorption Electrothermal Atomization (ETA) Radial-View ICP Optical Emission Axial-View ICP Optical Emission Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Conclusion How to Select an ICP Mass Spectrometer: Some Important Analytical Considerations Evaluation Objectives Financial Considerations The Evaluation Process: A Summary Final Thoughts Appendix: Useful Contact Information Glossary of ICP-MS Terms References Index