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Preface Acknowledgment Author Introduction Section I: Biological Chemistry Elements of Organic Chemistry Introduction Thermodynamic and Chemical Properties of Solutions Thermodynamic State Functions Chemical Properties of Solutions Chemical Equilibrium in Reactions among Solutes Reaction Kinetics Catalysis Solvability in a Polar Solvent Organic Chemistry Building Blocks Hydrocarbons: Types and Structure Functional Groups Polymers Polymerization and Polymer Types Polymeric Materials Structure Polymers for Microfabrication Main Properties Microscopic Models of Macromolecule Solutions Implicit Solvent Models for Solution in Equilibrium Chemical Reactions between Macromolecules: The Perfect Gas of Macromolecules Collisions and Reaction Kinetics References Elements of Biochemistry Introduction Structural Organization of Biochemical Macromolecules General Properties of Macromolecules Organization and Structure of the Cell Viruses Classes of Biological Macromolecules Protein Structure and Chemistry Protein Chemical Structure Protein Stereography: Secondary Structure Protein Stereography: Tertiary Structure Role of Proteins in Biochemistry Immunoglobulin Immunoglobulin G Structure Classification of Human Immunoglobulin Enzymatic Catalysis The Basic Principle of Enzymes Working Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Dependency of Enzyme Kinetics on Enzyme Type and Environment Enzyme Inhibition Enzymatic Catalysis Thermodynamics Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Structure RNA Types and Roles Lipids Free Fatty Acids Triacylglycerols Membrane Lipids Steroids Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides Glycoproteins References Biochemical Assays and Sequencing Techniques Introduction Assay Procedure and Preparation Cells Lysis Techniques Nucleic Acid Extraction from Cell Lysates Protein Extraction from Cell Lysates Protein Hydrolysis DNA Amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR Efficiency PCR Alternative Procedures Enzymatic Assays Detection Methods in Enzymatic Assays Chromatography Liquid Column Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Alternatives to Adsorption Liquid-Phase Chromatography Electrophoresis Electrophoresis Gel Types Protein Electrophoresis Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Immunoassays Structure and Thermodynamic of Antigen-Antibody Neutralization Kinetic of Antigen-Antibody Neutralization Immunoassay Processes Western Blot or Immunoelectrophoresis Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Flow Cytometry Assay Nucleic Acid Sequencing First-Generation Fragment Sequencing Second-Generation Fragment Sequencing Third-Generation Fragment Sequencing Fragmenting and Assembly Methods Protein Sequencing and Structural Assessment Protein Sequencing Protein Structure Assessment References Section II: Lab-on-Chip Technology Planar Technology Introduction Planar Process Flow of a Lab on Chip Front-End Process Flow Back-End Process Flow Production Testing Techniques In-Field Testing Micro- and Nano-Fabrication Fabs Clean Rooms Fabrication Materials: Silicon, Silica on Silicon and Pure Silica Wafers Planar Technology Cost Model Industrial Cost Models Industrial Cost Estimation for Microfluidic-Based Labs on Chip Photolithography Wafer Cleaning Photoresist Deposition Mask Alignment Photoresist Exposure Post-Exposure Processes Photolithography Definition Electron Beam Lithography Etching Wet Etching Techniques Plasma Characteristics and Plasma Generation for Planar Plasma Characteristics and Plasma Generation for Planar Processes Dry Etching Techniques Deposition Chemical Vapor Deposition Physical Vapor Deposition Other Physical Deposition Techniques Wafer Bonding Planarization Adhesive Wafer Bonding Direct Wafer Bonding Wafer Alignment References Polymer Technology Introduction Soft Lithography Micro-Contact Printing Micro-Transfer Molding Micro-Molding in Capillaries and Micro-Replica Molding Deposition Techniques Polymer Film Deposition through Spray Coating Polymer Knife Coating Plasma-Enhanced Polymerization Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition Patterning Techniques Inkjet printing Micro-Stereo-Lithography Micro-Molding Thin Wall Injection Molding Hot Embossing Lithographie, Galvanik und Abformung Deep X-Ray Lithography for LIGA X-Ray Lithography Electroplating Laser Ablation Laser Ablation Basics and Mechanism Parameters of Laser Ablation Laser Ablation Alternative Processes References Back-End Technologies Introduction Back-End Requirements and Process Flow Hybrid Integration Chip-on-Chip Integration Multi-Chip Packaging Bonding Techniques in Micro-Fabrication Gluing Laser Welding Soldering Eutectic Bonding Back-End Processes Wafer Dicing and Die Attach Electronic Interface Fabrication Microfluidic Interface Fabrication Optical Interface Fabrication Temperature Control Heaters and Thermistors Temperature Stabilization by Peltier Elements Heating Micro-Systems References Section III: Lab-on-Chip Design Fluid Dynamics in Microfluidic Circuits Introduction Kinematic of Fluid Motion The Continuous Fluid Model Fluid Motion Description Continuity Equation Fluid Dynamics The Momentum Evolution Equation The Energy Evolution Equation Newtonian Liquids Flow in Lab-on-Chip Ducts: Simplified Model The Liquid Flow in a Microfluidic Duct: Poiseuille Flow Interfaces Phenomena and Droplets Non-Newtonian Fluids Solutions Dynamics: Diffusion Diffusion Models The Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Equation Basic Solutions: Free Diffusion Diffusion Equation Basic Solutions: Diffusion in Limited Volumes The Chemical-Diffusion Model: Examples Diffusion-Convection Model: Examples Electro-Hydrodynamics Ions Electrophoresis Stern and Debye Layers Protein and Nucleic Acids Electrophoresis Electroosmosis Electrophoresis of Neutral Particles (Dielectrophoresis) Electrowetting Magneto-Hydrodynamics Magnetostatic Basics Magnetophoresis Bead Concentration Evolution References Microfluidic Building Blocks Introduction Fluid Flow Control: Microvalves Control Microvalves Active Microvalves Microvalve Design Considerations Microvalve Performance Comparison Fluid Flow Generation: Micropumps Mechanical Micropumps Capillary Micropumps Electromagnetic Micropumps Comparison among Different Micropump Architectures Sample Preparation: Micromixers Lamination Mixers Chaotic Advection Micromixers Active Micromixers Comparison among Different Micromixer Architectures Sample Purification: Filters Hydrodynamic Filters Electrophoresis Filters Membrane Filters Microdroplets in Microfluidic Circuits Droplet Stability and Breaking Down Microdroplet Break Droplet Generation T Junction Droplet Generator Stream Focus Droplet Generator Micropumps for Droplet Flow Thermocapillary Micropumps Electrowetting Micropumps References Surface Functionalization Introduction Surface Activation for Labs on Chip Noncovalent Chemical Surface Activation Covalent Chemical Surface Activation Activation of Different Substrates Glass Surface Activation Polymer Surface Activation Metal Layer Activation Nanop