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Foreword; Steve Holditch The Shale Revolution Industry Image Summary References Introduction ; Usman Ahmed and I. Yucel Akkutlu Setting the Stage Mission and Scope Defining Unconventional Resources
Chapter Summary The Way Forward References Characteristics of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources ; Usman Ahmed and D. Nathan Meehan Foreword Introduction to Unconventional Resources Workflow to Address Unconventional Resource Development The Unconventional Resource Triangle Characteristics of Shale Oil and Gas Specific Considerations for Tight Oil and Gas Specific Considerations for Coalbed Methane References The Unconventional Basins and Plays--North America, the Rest of the World, and Emerging Basins ; Robert Kennedy, Lucy Xin Luo, and Vello Kuuskra Introduction US Shale Gas, Oil Plays, and Basins Canada Shale Oil and Shale Gas Basins Major Shale Oil and Shale Gas Basins in Rest of the World References Unconventional Resources Workflow--Exploitation and Development ; William Knecht and Shanna Sambol-Koseoglu Foreword Introduction Workflows in Unconventional Resource Development Challenges and Background The Common Solution The Ideal Solution Identify and Evaluate Resource Potential Build and Modify Reservoir Models Refine Resource Evaluation and Generate a Field Development Plan Determine the Optimal Horizontal Well Placement Achieve Drilling Precision and Efficiency Characterize the Lateral for Fracture Stage Placement Determine the Optimal Horizontal Hydraulic Fracture Stage Placement Design a Fracture Program and Treatment Microseismic Fracture Monitoring Services Optimize Production Flow Refracture to Improve Ultimate Recovery Holistic Approach to Water Management Conclusion Acknowledgments References Seismic Reservoir Characterization Applications for Unconventional Resources ; Rob Mayer, Gabino Castillo, Kevin Chesser, Guy Oliver, Chi Vinh Ly, Simon Voisey, Norbert Van de Coevering, and Antoine Bouziat Introduction Overview of Surface Seismic Utilization in Unconventional Plays Seismic Survey Design and Acquisition Considerations Seismic Processing Seismic Attribute Interpretation Validation Techniques Case Study Conclusion Acknowledgments References Case Study Pilot Projects in Unconventional Resources Development ; Michael A. Addis, Hans-Christian Freitag, and Alfredo Mendez Introduction Pilot Projects Pilot Project Design and Review to Capture Improvements Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs ; Matt W. Bratovich and Frank Walles Overview of Formation Evaluation Objectives for Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs Technologies Utilized for Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs Organic Carbon Quantification Lithology and Mineralogy Determination Porosity Determination Permeability Determination Fluid Saturation Determination Geological and Geomechanical Characterization Utilization of Formation Evaluation Results to Optimize Lateral Well Placement and Lateral Characterization for Stimulation Program Design References Role of Geomechanical Engineering in Unconventional Resources Developments ; Michael A. Addis, Sanjeev Bordoloi, Javier A. Franquet, Patrick J. Hooyman, Robert S. Hurt, Julie E. Kowan, Abbas Khaksar, Neal B. Nagel, and See H. Ong Introduction Rock Characterization In-Situ Stress and Pore Pressure Characterization Wellbore Stability Geomechanical Engineering Considerations in Shale Stimulation Geomechanics Considerations in CBM Developments Conclusion and Future Trends References Laboratory Tests and Considerations to Complement the Overall Reservoir Understanding ; Brian J. Davis, Russell Maharidge, and Joel Walls Introduction Reservoir Samples for Lab Analysis Unconventional Rock Types Core Preservation Laboratory Analyses Digital Rocks Methods for Mudstones: An Example from the Wolfcamp Formation Final Words Acknowledgments References Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Oil and Gas ; D. Nathan Meehan and Usman Ahmed The Conventional Approach The Unconventional Dilemma Well Variability Issues Impact of Fracture Characteristics Drainage Volume Other Reservoir Issues References The Art of Data Mining and Its Impact on Unconventional Reservoir Development ; Randy F. LaFollette, Lucy Xin Luo, and Ming Zhong The Importance of Data Mining in Unconventional Reservoirs Evolution of Data Mining Data Availability Data Quality Control Analysis Methods Case Studies Concluding Remarks References Unconventional Reserves and Resources Accounting and Booking ; Rawdon Seager Introduction What Do We Mean by Reserves Booking? Definitions for Reserves and Resources What Do We Mean by Unconventional Resources? Approach to Assessing Reserves and Resources in Unconventional Reservoirs Closing Remarks References Production Evaluation and Forecasting ; George Vassilellis, Craig Cipolla, James C. Erdle, and Usman Ahmed Introduction Production Forecasting Conventional Techniques for Characterizing Fracture Geometry Numerical Reservoir Modeling Stimulated Reservoir Volume, Microseismic Data, and Production Evaluation and Forecasting Completion Optimization and RTA in Unconventional Reservoirs Production Forecast Approximation Numerical Models References Drilling Systems for Unconventionals ; Rajdeep Gupta, Deepak K. Khatri, Ashish K. Goel, and Gregory L. Devenish The Early Days Drilling Unconventional Wells Drilling Systems The Changing Needs of Unconventional Drilling Concluding Remarks References Multistage Completion Systems for Unconventionals ; William (Aaron) Burton Basics of Unconventional Wellbore Completions Plug-and-Perforate Completion Systems Ball-Activated Completion Systems Coiled Tubing Activated Completion Systems Benefits and Considerations of Each Completion System Operational Comparison of Each Completion System Services Correlation Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoirs ; Tony Martin, Sergey Kotov, Scott G. Nelson, and David Cramer Authors'' Note Introduction to Unconventional Fracturing Fracturing Fluids and Proppants Fracture Design Considerations Geomechanics and Fracture Modeling Perforation Strategy Calibration and Diagnostic Tests Unconventional Fracturing Operations Acknowledgments Nomenclature Symbols References Flow Assurance ; Stephen Szymczak Introduction Inorganic Scale Paraffin Asphaltene Bacteria and Bacterially Related Corrosion Program Design and Operations Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgment References Artificial Lift Technologies ; Alex Vilcinskas Introduction Unconventional Oil Plays and General Issues Summary of Application Issues Temperature Well Depth Production Decline (Depletion) Oil Producing Unconventional Plays in the US: Electric Submersible Gas Handling Theory Conclusion References Monitoring Technologies--Microseismic, Fiber Optic, and Tracers ; Pierre-François Roux, Edmund Leung, Cooper C. Gill, and Usman Ahmed Introduction to Monitoring Technologies Background: About Microseismic Fiber Optic Monitoring Permanent Downhole Inflow Tracer Monitoring Technology Conclusion References Rejuvenating Unconventional Resources ; Robert Kennedy, Iman Oraki Kohshour, and Usman Ahmed Introduction The Potential Refracturing Market for North American and United States Shale Wells Initial Fracturing Wellbore Completion Types Reasons to Refracture Why Initial Fracture Treatments Are Either Unsuccessful or Fail Over Time