Hjem

List of Figures List of Tables Preface
Chapter 1 Definitions
1.1 History
1.2 Petroleum
1.3 Heavy Oil
1.4 Tar Sand Bitumen
1.5 Validity of the Definitions
1.6 Conclusions
1.7 References
Chapter 2 Origin and Occurrence
2.1 Origin of Petroleum and Heavy Oil
2.1.1 Abiogenic Origin
2.1.2 Biogenic Origin
2.1.3 Occurrence and Distribution
2.2 Reservoirs
2.3 Reserves
2.3.1 Definitions
2.3.2 The Real Numbers
2.4 Production
2.5 Oil Pricing
2.5.1 Oil Price History
2.5.2 Pricing Strategies
2.5.3 The Role of Heavy Oil in the Future
2.6 References
Chapter 3 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids
3.1 Reservoirs
3.1.1 Structural Traps
3.1.2 Heterogeneity
3.2 Classes of Fluids
3.3 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids
3.3.1 Sampling Methods
3.3.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC
3.4 Physical (Bulk) Composition and Molecular Weight
3.4.1 Sampling
3.4.2 Asphaltene Separation
3.4.3 Fractionation
3.4.4 Molecular Weight
3.5 Reservoir Evaluation
3.6 References
Chapter 4 Properties
4.1 Physical Properties
4.1.1 Sampling
4.1.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis
4.1.3 Metals Content
4.1.4 Density and Specific Gravity
4.1.5 Viscosity
4.2 Thermal Properties
4.2.1 Carbon Residue
4.2.2 Specific Heat
4.2.3 Heat of Combustion
4.2.4 Volatility
4.2.5 Liquefaction and Solidification
4.2.6 Solubility
4.3 Metals Content
4.4 References
Chapter 5 Exploration and General Methods for Oil Recovery
5.1 Exploration
5.2 Primary Recovery (Natural) Methods
5.3 Secondary Recovery
5.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.4.1 Thermal Recovery Methods
5.4.2 Gas Flood Recovery Methods
5.4.3 Chemical Flood Recovery Methods
5.5 References
Chapter 6 Nonthermal Methods of Recovery
6.1 Primary Recovery (Natural) Methods
6.2 Secondary Recovery Methods
6.2.1 Waterflooding
6.2.2 Gas Injection
6.2.3 Cold Production
6.2.4 Pressure Pulse Technology
6.2.5 Solvent Processes
6.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
6.3.1 Alkaline Flooding
6.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Flooding
6.3.3 Cyclic Carbon Dioxide Stimulation
6.3.4 Nitrogen Flooding
6.3.5 Polymer Flooding
6.3.6 Micellar Polymer Flooding
6.3.7 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
6.4 Oil Mining
6.5 References
Chapter 7 Thermal Methods of Recovery
7.1 Hot-Fluid Injection
7.2 Steam-Based Methods
7.2.1 Steam Drive Injection (Steam Injection)
7.2.2 Cyclic Steam Injection
7.2.3 Steam Drive
7.3 In Situ Combustion Processes
7.3.1 Forward Combustion
7.3.2 Reverse Combustion
7.3.3 The THAI Process
7.4 Other Processes
7.4.1 Horizontal Well Technology
7.4.2 Inert Gas Technology
7.4.3 Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
7.4.4 Hybrid Processes
7.5 In Situ Upgrading
7.6 References
Chapter 8 Upgrading Heavy Oil
8.1 Surface Upgrading
8.1.1 Thermal Cracking Processes
8.1.2 Catalytic Cracking Processes
8.1.3 Hydrogen Addition Processes
8.1.4 Solvent Processes
8.2 In Situ Upgrading
8.2.1 Solvent-Based Processes
8.2.2 Bulk Thermal Processes
8.3 References App A Conversion Factors Glossary Index