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Foreword XXIII Preface XXV An Overview of Micro- and Nanophotonic Science and Technology XXVII
Part One From Research to Application 1 1 Nanophotonics: From Fundamental Research to Applications 3 François Flory, Ludovic Escoubas, Judikael Le Rouzo, and Gérard Berginc
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Application of Photonic Crystals to Solar Cells 5
1.3 Antireflecting Periodic Structures 8
1.4 Black Silicon 10
1.5 Metamaterials for Wide-Band Filtering 14
1.6 Rough Surfaces with Controlled Statistics 16
1.7 Enhancement of Absorption in Organic Solar Cells with Plasmonic Nano Particles 19
1.8 Quantum Dot Solar Cells 20
1.9 Conclusions 24 Acknowledgments 24 References 24 2 Photonic Crystal and Plasmonic Microcavities 29 Kazuaki Sakoda
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Photonic Crystal Microcavity 32
2.3 Purcell Effect 38
2.3.1 Purcell Factor 38
2.3.2 GaAs Quantum Dots in PC Microcavity 39
2.4 Plasmonic Microcavity 41
2.4.1 Enhanced MD Radiation 42
2.4.2 Enhanced ED Radiation 46
2.4.3 Multimode Cavity 47 References 50 3 Unconventional Thermal Emission from Photonic Crystals 51 Hideki T. Miyazaki
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 3D Photonic Crystals 52
3.3 2D Photonic Crystals 57
3.4 1D Photonic Crystals 60
3.5 Summary 61 References 61 4 Extremely Small Bending Loss of Organic Polaritonic Fibers 65 Ken Takazawa, Hiroyuki Takeda, and Kazuaki Sakoda
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Exciton-Polariton Waveguiding in TC Nanofibers 66
4.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of TC Nanofibers 66
4.2.2 Mechanism of Active Waveguiding in TC Nanofibers 67
4.3 Miniaturized Photonic Circuit Components Constructed from TC Nanofibers 69
4.3.1 Asymmetric Mach-Zehnder Interferometers 69
4.3.2 Microring Resonators 71
4.3.3 Microring Resonator Channel Drop Filters 74
4.4 Theoretical Analysis 76
4.4.1 Dispersion Relation 76
4.4.2 Bending Loss 78 References 80 5 Plasmon Color Filters and Phase Controllers 81 Yoshimasa Sugimoto, Daisuke Inoue, and Takayuki Matsui
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Optical Filter Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance 82
5.2.1 Light Transmission through Hole and Slit Arrays 83
5.2.1.1 Hole Arrays 83
5.2.1.2 Nanoslit Arrays 85
5.2.2 Fabrication and Measurement 87
5.2.3 Transmission Characteristics 89
5.2.3.1 Hole Arrays 89
5.2.3.2 Nanoslit Arrays 91
5.3 Transmission Phase Control by Stacked Metal-Dielectric Hole Array 92
5.3.1 Verification of Transmission Phase Control by a Uniform SHA 93
5.3.2 Numerical Study of Transition SHA for Inclined Wavefront Formation 95
5.3.3 Experimental Confirmation of Uniform SHA 95
5.3.4 Experimental Confirmation of Transition SHA 97
5.4 Summary 99 References 100 6 Entangled Photon Pair Generation in Naturally Symmetric Quantum Dots Grown by Droplet Epitaxy 103 Takashi Kuroda
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Quantum Dot Photon-pair Source 105
6.3 Natural Growth of Symmetric Quantum Dots 108
6.4 Droplet Epitaxy of GaAs Quantum Dots on AlGaAs(1 1 1)A 109
6.5 Characterization of Entanglement 112
6.6 Violation of Bell''s Inequality 115
6.7 Quantum-state Tomography and Other Entanglement Measures 118 References 121 7 Single-Photon Generation from Nitrogen Isoelectronic Traps in III-V Semiconductors 125 Yoshiki Sakuma, Michio Ikezawa, and Liao Zhang
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 What is Isoelectronic Trap? 126
7.3 GaP:N Case 127
7.3.1 Macro-PL from Bulk GaP:N 127
7.3.2 Î?-PL of NN Pairs in Î?-Doped GaP:N 127
7.3.3 Single-Photon Emission from Î?-Doped GaP:N 130
7.4 GaAs:N Case 131
7.4.1 Overview of Isoelectronic Traps in GaAs 131
7.4.2 NX Centers in Î?-Doped GaAs:N 132
7.4.2.1 Growth Conditions and Macro-PL 132
7.4.2.2 Î?-PL of NX Centers and Single-Photon Emission 132
7.4.3 Energy-Defined N-Related Centers in Î?-Doped GaAs:N 134
7.4.3.1 Growth Conditions and Macro-PL 134
7.4.3.2 Î?-PL of NNA and Single-Photon Emission 135
7.5 Summary 138 References 138 8 Parity-Time Symmetry in Free Space Optics 143 Bernard Kress, PhD and Mykola Kulishov, PhD
8.1 Parity-Time Symmetry in Diffractive Optics 143
8.1.1 Spectral, Angular, and Polarization Selectivity 143
8.1.2 Time Multiplexing: Dynamic Gratings and Holograms 144
8.1.3 From Conventional Amplitude/Phase Modulations to Phase/Gain/Loss Modulations 145
8.1.4 Implementation of Parity-Time Symmetry in Optics 145
8.1.4.1 Thick and Thin Gratings 147
8.2 Free Space Diffraction on Active Gratings with Balanced Phase and Gain/Loss Modulations 148
8.2.1 Raman-Nath PT-Symmetric Diffraction 148
8.2.1.1 Raman-Nath Diffraction Regime 150
8.2.1.2 Intermediate and Bragg Diffraction Regimes 151
8.2.1.3 Summary 155
8.3 PT-Symmetric Volume Holograms in Transmission Mode 156
8.3.1 Second-Order Coupled Mode Equations 157
8.3.2 Two-Mode Solution for &thÎ? ^ &thÎ?B 160
8.3.3 Analytic Solution for Balanced PT-Symmetric Grating for Arbitrary Angle of Incidence 162
8.3.4 Filled Space PT-Symmetric Grating 166
8.3.5 Symmetric Slab Configuration 167
8.3.6 Asymmetric Slab Configurations 168
8.3.6.1 Light Incident from the Substrate Side: Î?3 =1 168
8.3.6.2 Light Incident from the Air: Î?1 =1 170
8.3.6.3 Reflective Setup 170
8.3.7 Discussion 171
8.4 Analysis of Unidirectional Nonparaxial Invisibility of Purely Reflective PT-Symmetric Volume Gratings 174
8.4.1 Introduction 174
8.4.2 Analytic Solution for First Three Bragg Orders for a Balanced PT-Symmetric Grating 174
8.4.3 Zeroth Diffractive Orders in Transmission and Reflection 177
8.4.4 Higher Diffractive Orders 178
8.4.4.1 First Diffraction Orders 178
8.4.4.2 Second Diffraction Orders 179
8.4.5 Filled Space PT-Symmetric Gratings 180
8.4.5.1 Filled Space PT-Symmetric Grating Implies Î?1 ^ Î?2 ^ Î?3 180
8.4.6 Reflective PT-Symmetric Gratings with Fresnel Reflections 185
8.4.6.1 Symmetric Geometry Î?1 ^ Î?3 ^ 1; Î?2 ^
2:4 185
8.4.6.2 Asymmetric Slab Configuration 186
8.5 Summary and Conclusions 189 References 191 9 Parity-Time Symmetric Cavities: Intrinsically Single-Mode Lasing 193 Mykola Kulishov and Bernard Kress
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Resonant Cavities Based on two PT-Symmetric Diffractive Gratings 194
9.2.1 PT-Symmetric Bragg Grating 194
9.2.2 Concatenation of Two Gratings 195
9.2.3 Temporal Characteristics 202
9.2.4 Summary 204
9.3 Distributed Bragg Reflector Structures Based on PT-Symmetric Coupling with Lowest Possible Lasing Threshold 204
9.3.1 Grating-Assisted Codirectional Coupler with PT Symmetry 205
9.3.2 Threshold Condition in DBR Lasers 208
9.3.3 DBR Lasers with PT-Symmetrical GACC Output 209
9.3.4 Transfer Matrix Description of the DBR Structure with PT-Symmetrical GACC Output 210
9.4 Unique Optical Characteristics of a Fabry-Perot Resonator with Embedded PT-Symmetrical Grating 215
9.4.1 Transfer Matrix for Fabry-Perot Cavity with a Single PT-SBG 216
9.4.2 Absorption and Amplification Modes along with Lasing Characteristics 220
9.4.2.1 Fully Constructive Cavity Interaction 220
9.4.2.2 Partially Constructive Cavity Interaction 223
9.4.2.3 Partially Destructive Cavity Interaction 228
9.4.2.4 Fully Destructive Cavity Interaction 230
9.5 Summary and Conclusions 230 References 231 10 Silicon Quantum Dot Composites for Nanophotonics 233 Hiroshi Sugimoto and Minoru Fujii
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Core-Shell Type Nanocomposites 234
10.3 Polymer Encapsulation 239
10.4 Micelle Encapsulation 241
10.5 Summary 243 Acknowledgments 243 References 243
Part Two Breakthrough Applications 247 11 Ultrathin Polarizers and Waveplates Made of Metamaterials 249 Masanobu Iwanaga
11.1 Concept and Practice of Subwavelength Optical Devices 249
11.1.1 Conceptual Classification of Polarization-Controlling Optical Devices 249
11.1.2 Construction of Optical Devices Using Jones Matrices 250
11.1.3 UV NIL 252
11.2 Ultrathin Polarizers 254
11.3 Ultrathin Waveplates 258
11.3.1 Ultrathin Waveplates Made of Stratified Metal-Dielectric MMs 259
11.3.2 Ultrathin Waveplates of Other Structures 262
11.4 Constructions of Functional Subwavelength Devices 264
11.5 Summary and Prospects 267 Acknowledgments 267 References 267 12 Nanoimprint Lithography for the Fabrication of Metallic Metasurfaces 269 Yoshimasa Sugimoto, Masanobu Iwanaga, and Hideki T. Miyazaki
12.1 Introduction 269
12.2 UV-NIL 270
12.3 Large-Area SP-RGB Color Filter Using UV-NIL 273
12.3.1 Introduction 273
12.3.2 Device Design 274
12.3.3 Device Fabrication and Transmission Characteristics 275
12.4 Emission-Enhanced Plasmonic Metasurfaces Fabricated by NIL 278
12.4.1 Introduction 278
12.4.2 SC-PlC Structure 279
12.4.3 Fabrication and Optical Characterization of SC-PlC 279
12.5 Metasurface Ther