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Transparent Ceramics Vital Source e-bog
Adrian Goldstein, Andreas Krell og Zeev Burshtein
(2020)
John Wiley & Sons
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Transparent Ceramics
Materials, Engineering, and Applications
Adrian Goldstein, Andreas Krell og Zeev Burshtein
(2020)
Sprog: Engelsk
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
1.973,00 kr.
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Detaljer om varen
- 1. Udgave
- Vital Source searchable e-book (Reflowable pages)
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons (April 2020)
- Forfattere: Adrian Goldstein, Andreas Krell og Zeev Burshtein
- ISBN: 9781119429555
A detailed account of various applications and uses of transparent ceramics and the future of the industry In Transparent Ceramics: Materials, Engineering, and Applications, readers will discover the necessary foundation for understanding transparent ceramics (TCs) and the technical and economic factors that determine the overall worth of TCs. This book provides readers with a thorough history of TCs, as well as a detailed account of the materials, engineering and applications of TC in its various forms; fabrication and characterization specifics are also described. With this book, researchers, engineers, and students find a definitive guide to past and present use cases, and a glimpse into the future of TC materials. The book covers a variety of TC topics, including: ? The methods employed for materials produced in a transparent state ? Detailed applications of TCs for use in lasers, IR domes, armor-windows, and various medical prosthetics ? A review of traditionally used transparent materials that highlights the benefits of TCs ? Theoretical science and engineering theories presented in correlation with learned data ? A look at past, present, and future use-cases of TCs This insightful guide to ceramics that can be fabricated into bulk transparent parts will serve as a must-read for professionals in the industry, as well as students looking to gain a more thorough understanding of the field.
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Detaljer om varen
- Hardback: 384 sider
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated (Maj 2020)
- Forfattere: Adrian Goldstein, Andreas Krell og Zeev Burshtein
- ISBN: 9781119429494
This book covers ceramic materials which can be fabricated into bulk transparent parts. The book starts with an introduction to transparent ceramics (TCs) and conveys the rationale and goals of the book and the factors (technical and economical) which determine the overall worth of the TCs. A short description of transparency evolution, along ceramics history is also given. The book also provides a chapter devoted to the basics of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) interaction with matter, a necessary support for understanding the transparency of TCs, so as to make possible a correct understanding of the notion of "transparency" and how it is correlated with the physical processes which control it (reflection, refraction, scattering and absorption).
The book details the various applications of passive and active TCs including their use in Q-switches and gain-media, for laser systems, materials for solid state lighting sources, armor, scintillators, IR windows, IR heat seeking devices for missile guidance systems, IR night vision devices, optical lenses and artificial gems. The book also covers the future prospects and challenges in the field. Wherever possible, the data presented are explained, in correlation with the theoretical science and engineering background introduced together with the data.
Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv General Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Importance of Transparent Ceramics: The Book''s Rationale Topic and Aims 1
1.2 Factors Determining the Overall Worth of Transparent Ceramics 2
1.2.1 Technical Characteristics 2
1.2.2 Fabrication and Characterization Costs 3
1.2.3 Overview of Worth 3
1.3 Spectral Domain for Ceramics High Transmission Targeted in This Book 3
1.3.1 High Transmission Spectral Domain 3
1.3.2 Electromagnetic Radiation/Solid Interaction in the Vicinity of the Transparency Domain 4
1.4 Definition of Transparency Levels 4
1.5 Evolution of Transmissive Ability Along the Ceramics Development History 6
1.5.1 Ceramics with Transparency Conferred by Glassy Phases 6
1.5.2 The First Fully Crystalline Transparent Ceramic 7
1.5.3 A Brief Progress History of All-Crystalline Transparent Ceramics 8 2 Electromagnetic Radiation: Interaction with Matter 11
2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation: Phenomenology and Characterizing Parameters 11
2.2 Interference and Polarization 13
2.3 Main Processes which Disturb Electromagnetic Radiation After Incidence on a Solid 13
2.3.1 Refraction 14
2.3.2 Reflection 17
2.3.3 Birefringence 20
2.3.4 Scattering 22
2.3.4.1 Scattering by Pores 22
2.3.4.2 Scattering Owed to Birefringence 24
2.3.5 Absorption 27
2.3.5.1 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Cations in Transparent Ceramic Hosts 27
2.3.5.2 Absorption Spectra of Metal and Rare-Earth Cations Located in TC Hosts 28
2.3.5.2.1 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Cations'' Electronic Spectra: Theoretical Basis 29
2.3.5.2.1.1 Electronic States of a Cation in Free Space 29
2.3.5.2.2 Absorption Spectra of Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Cations: Examples 50
2.3.5.2.2.1 The Considered Solid Hosts 50
2.4 Physical Processes Controlling Light Absorption in the Optical Window Vicinity 54
2.4.1 High Photon Energy Window Cutoff: Ultraviolet Light Absorption in Solids 54
2.4.2 Low Photon Energy Window Cutoff: Infrared Light Absorption in Solids 58
2.4.2.1 Molecular Vibrations 58
2.4.2.2 Solid Vibrations 59
2.4.2.3 Acoustic Modes 61
2.4.2.4 Optical Modes 62
2.5 Thermal Emissivity 66
2.6 Color of Solids 67
2.6.1 Quantitative Specification of Color 67
2.6.2 Coloration Mechanisms: Coloration Based on Conductive Colloids 71 3 Ceramics Engineering: Aspects Specific to Those Transparent 73
3.1 Processing 73
3.1.1 List of Main Processing Approaches 73
3.1.2 Powder Compacts Sintering 73
3.1.2.1 Configuration Requirements for High Green Body Sinterability: Factors of Influence 73
3.1.2.2 Powder Processing and Green-Body Forming 77
3.1.2.2.1 Agglomerates 77
3.1.2.2.2 Powder Processing 80
3.1.2.2.3 Forming Techniques 81
3.1.2.2.3.1 Press Forming 81
3.1.2.2.3.2 Liquid-Suspensions Based Forming 84
3.1.2.2.3.3 Slip-Casting Under Strong Magnetic Fields 86
3.1.2.2.3.4 Gravitational Deposition, Centrifugal-Casting, and Filter-Pressing 88
3.1.2.3 Sintering 89
3.1.2.3.1 Low Relevancy of Average Pore Size 89
3.1.2.3.2 Pore Size Distribution Dynamics During Sintering 89
3.1.2.3.3 Grain Growth 93
3.1.2.3.4 Methods for Pores Closure Rate Increase 93
3.1.2.3.4.1 Liquid Assisted Sintering 94
3.1.2.3.4.2 Pressure Assisted Sintering 94
3.1.2.3.4.3 Sintering Under Electromagnetic Radiation 96
3.1.2.3.4.4 Sintering Slip-Cast Specimens Under Magnetic Field 97
3.1.2.3.4.5 Reaction-Preceded Sintering 97
3.1.2.3.4.6 Use of Sintering Aids 98
3.1.3 Bulk Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 98
3.1.4 Glass-Ceramics Fabrication by Controlled Glass Crystallization 98
3.1.4.1 Introduction 98
3.1.4.2 Glass Crystallization: Basic Theory 100
3.1.4.2.1 Nucleation 100
3.1.4.2.2 Crystal Growth 102
3.1.4.2.3 Phase Separation in Glass 102
3.1.4.2.4 Crystal Morphologies 103
3.1.4.3 Requirements for the Obtainment of Performant Glass-Ceramics 103
3.1.4.3.1 Nucleators 103
3.1.4.4 Influence of Controlled Glass Crystallization on Optical Transmission 104
3.1.4.4.1 Full Crystallization 105
3.1.5 Bulk Sol-Gel 105
3.1.6 Polycrystalline to Single Crystal Conversion via Solid-State Processes 107
3.1.7 Transparency Conferred to Non-cubic Materials by Limited Lattice Disordering 109
3.1.8 Transparent Non-cubic Nanoceramics 109
3.1.9 Grinding and Polishing 109
3.2 Characterization 111
3.2.1 Characterization of Particles, Slurries, Granules, and Green Bodies Relevant in Some Transparent Ceramics Fabrication 111
3.2.1.1 Powder Characterization 112
3.2.1.2 Granules Measurement and Slurry Characterization 113
3.2.1.3 Green-Body Characterization 114
3.2.2 Scatters Topology Illustration 115
3.2.2.1 Laser-Scattering Tomography (LST) 116
3.2.3 Discrimination Between Translucency and High Transmission Level 116
3.2.4 Bulk Density Determination from Optical Transmission Data 117
3.2.5 Lattice Irregularities: Grain Boundaries, Cations Segregation, Inversion 118
3.2.6 Parasitic Radiation Absorbers'' Identification and Spectral Characterization 123
3.2.6.1 Absorption by Native Defects of Transparent Hosts 123
3.2.7 Detection of ppm Impurity Concentration Levels 124
3.2.8 Mechanical Issues for Windows and Optical Components 126 4 Materials and Their Processing 131
4.1 Introduction 131
4.1.1 General 131
4.1.2 List of Materials and Their Properties 131
4.2 Principal Materials Description 131
4.2.1 Mg and Zn Spinels 131
4.2.1.1 Mg-Spinel 131
4.2.1.1.1 Structure 131
4.2.1.1.2 Fabrication 136
4.2.1.1.3 Properties of Spinel 146
4.2.1.2 Zn-Spinel 152
4.2.2 γ-Al-oxynitride 152
4.2.2.1 Composition and Structure 152
4.2.2.2 Processing 154
4.2.2.2.1 Fabrication Approaches 154
4.2.2.2.2 Powder Synthesis 155
4.2.2.2.3 Green Parts Forming. Sintering 155
4.2.2.3 Characteristics of Densified Parts 156
4.2.3 Transparent and Translucent Alumina 157
4.2.3.1 Structure 158
4.2.3.1.1 Utility of T-PCA 158
4.2.3.2 Processing of Transparent Ceramic Alumina 159
4.2.3.2.1 Raw Materials 159
4.2.3.2.2 Processing 159
4.2.3.3 Properties of Transparent Alumina 163
4.2.4 Transparent Magnesia and Calcia 163
4.2.4.1 Structure 164
4.2.4.2 Raw Materials and Processing 165
4.2.4.3 Properties 167
4.2.4.4 Transparent Calcium Oxide 169
4.2.5 Transparent YAG and Other Garnets 169
4.2.5.1 Structure, Processing, and Properties of YAG 170
4.2.5.1.1 Processing 170
4.2.5.1.2 Properties of YAG 174
4.2.5.2 LuAG 177
4.2.5.3 Garnets Based on Tb 178
4.2.5.4 Garnets Based on Ga 179
4.2.5.5 Other Materials Usable for Magneto-Optical Components 179
4.2.6 Transparent Yttria and Other Sesquioxides 180
4.2.6.1 Structure of Y2O3 180
4.2.6.2 Processing of Y2O3 181
4.2.6.2.1 Y2O3 Powders 181
4.2.6.2.2 Processing Approaches 181
4.2.6.2.3 Discussion of Processing 185
4.2.6.3 Properties of Y2O3 187
4.2.6.4 Other Sesquioxides with Bixbyite Lattice 187
4.2.6.4.1 Sc2O3 188
4.2.6.4.2 Lu2O3 189
4.2.7 Transparent Zirconia 190
4.2.7.1 Structure: Polymorphism, Effect of Alloying 190
4.2.7.2 Processing-Transparency Correlation in Cubic Zirconia Fabrication 192
4.2.7.2.1 Zirconia Powders 192
4.2.7.2.2 Forming and Sintering 193
4.2.7.3 Properties 194
4.2.7.3.1 Density of Zirconias 194
4.2.7.4 Types of Transparent Zirconia 195
4.2.7.4.1 TZPs 195
4.2.7.4.2 Cubic ZrO2 195
4.2.7.4.3 Monoclinic Zirconia 196
4.2.7.4.4 Electronic Absorption 197
4.2.8 Transparent Metal Fluoride Ceramics 198
4.2.8.1 Crystallographic Structure 199
4.2.8.2 Processing of Transparent-Calcium Fluoride 199
4.2.8.3 Properties 200
4.2.9 Transparent Chalcogenides 201
4.2.9.1 Composition and Structure 201
4.2.9.2 Processing 201
4.2.9.3 Properties 203
4.2.10 Ferroelectrics 203
4.2.10.1 Ferroelectrics with Perovskite-Type Lattice 203
4.2.10.2 PLZTs: Fabrication and Properties 204
4.2.10.2.1 Electro-optic Properties of PLZTs 207
4.2.10.3 Other Perovskites Including Pb 207
4.2.10.4 Perovskites Free of Pb 208
4.2.10.4.1 Ba Metatitanate 208
4.2.10.4.2 Materials Based on the Potassium Niobate-sodium Niobate System 209
4.2.11 Transparent Glass-Ceramics 210
4.2.11.1 Transparent Glass Ceramics Based on Stuffed β-Quartz Solid Solutions 210
4.2.11.2 Transparent Glass Ceramics Based on Crystals Having a Spinel-Type Lattice 212
4.2.11.3 Mullite-Based Transparent Glass-Ceramics 213
4.2.11.4 Other Transparent Glass-Ceramics Derived from Polinary Oxide Systems 214
4.2.11.5 Oxyfluoride Matrix Transparent Glass-Ceramics 214
4.2.11.6 Transparent Glass-Ceramics Including Very High Crystalline Phase Concentration 216
4.2.11.6.1 Materials of Extreme Hardness (Al2O3-La2O3, ZrO2) 216
4.2.11.6.2 TGCs of High Crystallinity Including Na3Ca Silicates 216
4.2.11.6.3 Materials for Scintillators 217
4.2.11.7 Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Transparent Glass-Ceramics 217
4.2.12 Cubic Boron Nitride 222
4.2.13 Ultrahard Transparent Polycrystalline Diamond Parts 222
4.2.
1.1 Importance of Transparent Ceramics: The Book''s Rationale Topic and Aims 1
1.2 Factors Determining the Overall Worth of Transparent Ceramics 2
1.2.1 Technical Characteristics 2
1.2.2 Fabrication and Characterization Costs 3
1.2.3 Overview of Worth 3
1.3 Spectral Domain for Ceramics High Transmission Targeted in This Book 3
1.3.1 High Transmission Spectral Domain 3
1.3.2 Electromagnetic Radiation/Solid Interaction in the Vicinity of the Transparency Domain 4
1.4 Definition of Transparency Levels 4
1.5 Evolution of Transmissive Ability Along the Ceramics Development History 6
1.5.1 Ceramics with Transparency Conferred by Glassy Phases 6
1.5.2 The First Fully Crystalline Transparent Ceramic 7
1.5.3 A Brief Progress History of All-Crystalline Transparent Ceramics 8 2 Electromagnetic Radiation: Interaction with Matter 11
2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation: Phenomenology and Characterizing Parameters 11
2.2 Interference and Polarization 13
2.3 Main Processes which Disturb Electromagnetic Radiation After Incidence on a Solid 13
2.3.1 Refraction 14
2.3.2 Reflection 17
2.3.3 Birefringence 20
2.3.4 Scattering 22
2.3.4.1 Scattering by Pores 22
2.3.4.2 Scattering Owed to Birefringence 24
2.3.5 Absorption 27
2.3.5.1 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Cations in Transparent Ceramic Hosts 27
2.3.5.2 Absorption Spectra of Metal and Rare-Earth Cations Located in TC Hosts 28
2.3.5.2.1 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Cations'' Electronic Spectra: Theoretical Basis 29
2.3.5.2.1.1 Electronic States of a Cation in Free Space 29
2.3.5.2.2 Absorption Spectra of Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Cations: Examples 50
2.3.5.2.2.1 The Considered Solid Hosts 50
2.4 Physical Processes Controlling Light Absorption in the Optical Window Vicinity 54
2.4.1 High Photon Energy Window Cutoff: Ultraviolet Light Absorption in Solids 54
2.4.2 Low Photon Energy Window Cutoff: Infrared Light Absorption in Solids 58
2.4.2.1 Molecular Vibrations 58
2.4.2.2 Solid Vibrations 59
2.4.2.3 Acoustic Modes 61
2.4.2.4 Optical Modes 62
2.5 Thermal Emissivity 66
2.6 Color of Solids 67
2.6.1 Quantitative Specification of Color 67
2.6.2 Coloration Mechanisms: Coloration Based on Conductive Colloids 71 3 Ceramics Engineering: Aspects Specific to Those Transparent 73
3.1 Processing 73
3.1.1 List of Main Processing Approaches 73
3.1.2 Powder Compacts Sintering 73
3.1.2.1 Configuration Requirements for High Green Body Sinterability: Factors of Influence 73
3.1.2.2 Powder Processing and Green-Body Forming 77
3.1.2.2.1 Agglomerates 77
3.1.2.2.2 Powder Processing 80
3.1.2.2.3 Forming Techniques 81
3.1.2.2.3.1 Press Forming 81
3.1.2.2.3.2 Liquid-Suspensions Based Forming 84
3.1.2.2.3.3 Slip-Casting Under Strong Magnetic Fields 86
3.1.2.2.3.4 Gravitational Deposition, Centrifugal-Casting, and Filter-Pressing 88
3.1.2.3 Sintering 89
3.1.2.3.1 Low Relevancy of Average Pore Size 89
3.1.2.3.2 Pore Size Distribution Dynamics During Sintering 89
3.1.2.3.3 Grain Growth 93
3.1.2.3.4 Methods for Pores Closure Rate Increase 93
3.1.2.3.4.1 Liquid Assisted Sintering 94
3.1.2.3.4.2 Pressure Assisted Sintering 94
3.1.2.3.4.3 Sintering Under Electromagnetic Radiation 96
3.1.2.3.4.4 Sintering Slip-Cast Specimens Under Magnetic Field 97
3.1.2.3.4.5 Reaction-Preceded Sintering 97
3.1.2.3.4.6 Use of Sintering Aids 98
3.1.3 Bulk Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 98
3.1.4 Glass-Ceramics Fabrication by Controlled Glass Crystallization 98
3.1.4.1 Introduction 98
3.1.4.2 Glass Crystallization: Basic Theory 100
3.1.4.2.1 Nucleation 100
3.1.4.2.2 Crystal Growth 102
3.1.4.2.3 Phase Separation in Glass 102
3.1.4.2.4 Crystal Morphologies 103
3.1.4.3 Requirements for the Obtainment of Performant Glass-Ceramics 103
3.1.4.3.1 Nucleators 103
3.1.4.4 Influence of Controlled Glass Crystallization on Optical Transmission 104
3.1.4.4.1 Full Crystallization 105
3.1.5 Bulk Sol-Gel 105
3.1.6 Polycrystalline to Single Crystal Conversion via Solid-State Processes 107
3.1.7 Transparency Conferred to Non-cubic Materials by Limited Lattice Disordering 109
3.1.8 Transparent Non-cubic Nanoceramics 109
3.1.9 Grinding and Polishing 109
3.2 Characterization 111
3.2.1 Characterization of Particles, Slurries, Granules, and Green Bodies Relevant in Some Transparent Ceramics Fabrication 111
3.2.1.1 Powder Characterization 112
3.2.1.2 Granules Measurement and Slurry Characterization 113
3.2.1.3 Green-Body Characterization 114
3.2.2 Scatters Topology Illustration 115
3.2.2.1 Laser-Scattering Tomography (LST) 116
3.2.3 Discrimination Between Translucency and High Transmission Level 116
3.2.4 Bulk Density Determination from Optical Transmission Data 117
3.2.5 Lattice Irregularities: Grain Boundaries, Cations Segregation, Inversion 118
3.2.6 Parasitic Radiation Absorbers'' Identification and Spectral Characterization 123
3.2.6.1 Absorption by Native Defects of Transparent Hosts 123
3.2.7 Detection of ppm Impurity Concentration Levels 124
3.2.8 Mechanical Issues for Windows and Optical Components 126 4 Materials and Their Processing 131
4.1 Introduction 131
4.1.1 General 131
4.1.2 List of Materials and Their Properties 131
4.2 Principal Materials Description 131
4.2.1 Mg and Zn Spinels 131
4.2.1.1 Mg-Spinel 131
4.2.1.1.1 Structure 131
4.2.1.1.2 Fabrication 136
4.2.1.1.3 Properties of Spinel 146
4.2.1.2 Zn-Spinel 152
4.2.2 γ-Al-oxynitride 152
4.2.2.1 Composition and Structure 152
4.2.2.2 Processing 154
4.2.2.2.1 Fabrication Approaches 154
4.2.2.2.2 Powder Synthesis 155
4.2.2.2.3 Green Parts Forming. Sintering 155
4.2.2.3 Characteristics of Densified Parts 156
4.2.3 Transparent and Translucent Alumina 157
4.2.3.1 Structure 158
4.2.3.1.1 Utility of T-PCA 158
4.2.3.2 Processing of Transparent Ceramic Alumina 159
4.2.3.2.1 Raw Materials 159
4.2.3.2.2 Processing 159
4.2.3.3 Properties of Transparent Alumina 163
4.2.4 Transparent Magnesia and Calcia 163
4.2.4.1 Structure 164
4.2.4.2 Raw Materials and Processing 165
4.2.4.3 Properties 167
4.2.4.4 Transparent Calcium Oxide 169
4.2.5 Transparent YAG and Other Garnets 169
4.2.5.1 Structure, Processing, and Properties of YAG 170
4.2.5.1.1 Processing 170
4.2.5.1.2 Properties of YAG 174
4.2.5.2 LuAG 177
4.2.5.3 Garnets Based on Tb 178
4.2.5.4 Garnets Based on Ga 179
4.2.5.5 Other Materials Usable for Magneto-Optical Components 179
4.2.6 Transparent Yttria and Other Sesquioxides 180
4.2.6.1 Structure of Y2O3 180
4.2.6.2 Processing of Y2O3 181
4.2.6.2.1 Y2O3 Powders 181
4.2.6.2.2 Processing Approaches 181
4.2.6.2.3 Discussion of Processing 185
4.2.6.3 Properties of Y2O3 187
4.2.6.4 Other Sesquioxides with Bixbyite Lattice 187
4.2.6.4.1 Sc2O3 188
4.2.6.4.2 Lu2O3 189
4.2.7 Transparent Zirconia 190
4.2.7.1 Structure: Polymorphism, Effect of Alloying 190
4.2.7.2 Processing-Transparency Correlation in Cubic Zirconia Fabrication 192
4.2.7.2.1 Zirconia Powders 192
4.2.7.2.2 Forming and Sintering 193
4.2.7.3 Properties 194
4.2.7.3.1 Density of Zirconias 194
4.2.7.4 Types of Transparent Zirconia 195
4.2.7.4.1 TZPs 195
4.2.7.4.2 Cubic ZrO2 195
4.2.7.4.3 Monoclinic Zirconia 196
4.2.7.4.4 Electronic Absorption 197
4.2.8 Transparent Metal Fluoride Ceramics 198
4.2.8.1 Crystallographic Structure 199
4.2.8.2 Processing of Transparent-Calcium Fluoride 199
4.2.8.3 Properties 200
4.2.9 Transparent Chalcogenides 201
4.2.9.1 Composition and Structure 201
4.2.9.2 Processing 201
4.2.9.3 Properties 203
4.2.10 Ferroelectrics 203
4.2.10.1 Ferroelectrics with Perovskite-Type Lattice 203
4.2.10.2 PLZTs: Fabrication and Properties 204
4.2.10.2.1 Electro-optic Properties of PLZTs 207
4.2.10.3 Other Perovskites Including Pb 207
4.2.10.4 Perovskites Free of Pb 208
4.2.10.4.1 Ba Metatitanate 208
4.2.10.4.2 Materials Based on the Potassium Niobate-sodium Niobate System 209
4.2.11 Transparent Glass-Ceramics 210
4.2.11.1 Transparent Glass Ceramics Based on Stuffed β-Quartz Solid Solutions 210
4.2.11.2 Transparent Glass Ceramics Based on Crystals Having a Spinel-Type Lattice 212
4.2.11.3 Mullite-Based Transparent Glass-Ceramics 213
4.2.11.4 Other Transparent Glass-Ceramics Derived from Polinary Oxide Systems 214
4.2.11.5 Oxyfluoride Matrix Transparent Glass-Ceramics 214
4.2.11.6 Transparent Glass-Ceramics Including Very High Crystalline Phase Concentration 216
4.2.11.6.1 Materials of Extreme Hardness (Al2O3-La2O3, ZrO2) 216
4.2.11.6.2 TGCs of High Crystallinity Including Na3Ca Silicates 216
4.2.11.6.3 Materials for Scintillators 217
4.2.11.7 Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Transparent Glass-Ceramics 217
4.2.12 Cubic Boron Nitride 222
4.2.13 Ultrahard Transparent Polycrystalline Diamond Parts 222
4.2.
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