Hjem

Preface xv Acknowledgment xvii Used Symbols xix About the Companion Website xxv
Part I Pumps 1 1 General Concepts 3
1.1 Hydrostatics 3
1.2 Flow 4
1.3 Law of Bernoulli 5
1.4 Static and Dynamic Pressure 5
1.5 Viscosity 6
1.6 Extension of Bernoulli''s Law 11
1.7 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 12
1.8 Laminar Flow 13
1.8.1 Hydraulic Resistance 13
1.8.2 Hydraulic Diameter 14
1.9 Turbulent Flow 17
1.10 Moody''s Diagram 20
1.11 Feed Pressure 24
1.11.1 Geodetic Feed Pressure 24
1.11.2 Static Feed Pressure 24
1.11.3 Manometric Feed Pressure 26
1.11.4 Theoretic Feed Pressure 27
1.12 Law of Bernoulli in Moving Reference Frames 27
1.13 Water Hammer (Hydraulic Shock) 28
1.14 Flow Mechanics 30
1.14.1 Hydrofoils 30
1.14.2 Applications 33 2 Positive Displacement Pumps 35
2.1 Reciprocating Pumps 35
2.1.1 Operation 35
2.1.2 Flow 35
2.1.3 Valves 37
2.1.4 Piston Sealing 37
2.1.5 Plunger Pumps 37
2.1.6 Hand Pump 40
2.1.7 Double Acting Pump 41
2.1.8 Membrane Pumps 42
2.1.9 Triplex Pumps 45
2.1.10 Hydrophore 45
2.2 Maximum Suction Head 48
2.2.1 Theoretical 48
2.2.2 Vapor Pressure 49
2.2.3 Velocity 50
2.2.4 Barometer 51
2.2.5 Friction 51
2.2.6 Acceleration 52
2.2.6.1 Kinematics 52
2.2.6.2 Dynamics 53
2.2.7 Air Chambers 56
2.2.7.1 Suction Side 56
2.2.7.2 Press Side 57
2.3 Characteristic Values 59
2.3.1 Manometric Feed Pressure 59
2.3.2 Theoretical Pressure 59
2.3.3 Power and Efficiency 60
2.3.4 Example 62
2.3.5 Characteristic Curve of the Pump 64
2.3.5.1 Characteristic of the Pipe Line 64
2.3.5.2 Characteristic of the Pump 64
2.3.5.3 Regulation 65
2.3.6 Conclusion 67
2.4 Hydraulic Pumps 69
2.4.1 Introduction 69
2.4.2 Sliding Vane Pump 69
2.4.3 Gear Pumps 71
2.4.3.1 External Toothing 71
2.4.3.2 Internal Toothing 73
2.4.4 Screw Pumps 76
2.4.5 Radial Plunger Pumps 78
2.4.6 Axial Plunger Pumps 81
2.5 Other Displacement Pumps 85
2.5.1 Lobe Pump 85
2.5.2 Peristaltic Pump 88
2.5.2.1 Properties 89
2.5.2.2 Applications 91
2.5.3 Mono Pump 91
2.5.4 Flex Impeller Pump 95
2.5.5 Side Channel Pump 97 3 Dynamic Pumps 103
3.1 Radial Turbopumps (Centrifugal Pumps) 103
3.1.1 General 103
3.1.2 Impeller Forms 103
3.1.2.1 Closed Impeller 103
3.1.2.2 Half-Open Impeller 104
3.1.2.3 Open Impeller 108
3.1.3 Velocity Triangles 108
3.1.4 Flow 109
3.1.4.1 Definition 109
3.1.4.2 Flow Determining Component of the Velocity 110
3.1.4.3 The Relative Flow 110
3.1.5 Static Pressure in a Closed Pump 112
3.1.6 Theoretical Feed Pressure 114
3.1.6.1 Law of Bernoulli in Rotating Frame 114
3.1.6.2 Discussion 114
3.1.6.3 Theoretical Feed Pressure 115
3.1.7 Diffusor 119
3.1.8 Influence of Vane Angle 121
3.1.8.1 Graphically 121
3.1.8.2 Analytically 122
3.1.9 Pump Curve 122
3.1.9.1 System Curve 122
3.1.9.2 Build Up Pump Curve 123
3.1.9.3 Operating Point 124
3.1.10 Pump Efficiency 124
3.1.11 Influence RPM 125
3.1.12 First Set of Affinity Laws 125
3.1.13 Second Set of Affinity Laws 127
3.1.14 Surge 127
3.1.15 Application Field 128
3.1.16 Flow Regulation 130
3.1.16.1 Throttle Regulation 130
3.1.16.2 Bypass Regulation 133
3.1.16.3 Speed Regulation 134
3.1.16.4 Comparison 134
3.1.17 Start Up of the Pump 135
3.1.18 High Pressure Pumps 139
3.1.19 Roto-jet Pump 139
3.1.20 Vortex Pumps 142
3.2 Axial Turbopumps 144
3.2.1 Operation 144
3.2.2 Volumetric Flow 144
3.2.2.1 Axial Velocity 144
3.2.2.2 Perpendicular Surface A ' 148
3.2.3 Theoretical Feed Pressure 149
3.2.4 Diffusors 152
3.2.5 Vane Profile 152
3.2.6 Half-Axial Turbopumps 155
3.2.6.1 Motivation 155
3.2.6.2 Francis Vane Pump 155
3.2.6.3 Mixed Flow Pump 156
3.2.6.4 Characteristics of Turbopumps 158
3.2.7 Archimedes Screw 159
3.3 Turbopumps Advanced 161
3.3.1 1st Number of Rateau 161
3.3.2 2nd Number of Rateau 163
3.3.3 Homologous Series 164
3.3.4 Optimal Homologous Series 167
3.3.5 Rateau Numbers with Axial Pumps 168
3.3.6 The Specific Speed 168
3.3.7 Cavitation 172
3.3.8 NPSH 173
3.3.9 NPSH Characteristics 175
3.3.10 Counteracting Cavitation 175
3.3.11 Inducers 176
3.3.12 Double Sided Entry 180
3.3.13 Characteristics of Pumps 180
3.3.14 Suction Specific Speed 181
3.3.15 Series Connection 183
3.3.16 Parallel Connection 184
3.3.16.1 Simple Case 184
3.3.16.2 Case with Increasing Pump Curve 184
3.3.17 Influence Viscosity 187
3.3.18 Special Turbopumps 190
3.3.18.1 Submersible Pumps 190
3.3.18.2 Electropumps 192
3.3.19 Contaminated Liquids 193
3.3.20 Cutter Pumps 194
3.3.21 Mounting 195 4 Flow-Driven Pumps 205
4.1 General 205
4.2 Liquid Jet Liquid Pump 206
4.3 Liquid Jet Solid Pump 208
4.4 Liquid Jet Mixers 209
4.5 Steam Jet Liquid Pump 209
4.6 The Feedback Pump 209
4.7 Air Pressure Pump 211 5 Sealing 213
5.1 Labyrinth Sealing 213
5.2 Lip Seals 217
5.3 V-Ring Seals 220
5.4 Gland Packing 222
5.5 Lantern Rings 226
5.6 Mechanical Seals 228
5.6.1 Fundamentals 228
5.6.2 Unbalanced Seals 231
5.6.3 Balanced Seals 233
5.6.4 The Configurations 235
5.6.4.1 Single Internal Seal 235
5.6.4.2 Single External Seal 236
5.6.4.3 Back-to-back Double Seal 236
5.6.4.4 Tandem Double Seal (Face-to-back Seal) 237
5.6.4.5 Dual Seal 239
5.6.4.6 Face-to-face Seal 239
5.6.5 Calculation of Liquid Flow 240
5.7 Hydrodynamic Seal 241
5.7.1 Hydrodynamic Seal with Back Vanes 241
5.7.2 Journal Bearing 242
5.7.3 Hydrodynamic Effect Converging Gap 243
5.7.4 Journal Bearing Lift Force 247
5.7.5 Hydrodynamic Mechanical Seals 248
5.8 Floating Ring Seals 250
5.9 Hermetic Pumps 252
5.9.1 Magnetic Coupling 252
5.9.2 Canned Motor Pump 255
Part II Compressors 257 6 General 259
6.1 Terminology 259
6.2 Normal Volume 259
6.3 Ideal Gasses 260
6.4 Work and Power 261
6.4.1 Compression Work 261
6.4.2 Technical Work 262
6.4.3 Technical Power 264
6.5 Nozzles 264
6.6 Flow 266
6.7 Choice and Selection 269
6.8 Psychrometrics 270
6.8.1 Partial Pressure 270
6.8.2 Equivalent Molar Mass 272
6.8.3 Moist Air 272
6.8.4 Water Content 273
6.8.5 Saturated and Unsaturated Air (with Water) 273
6.8.6 Relation Between x and pW 274 7 Piston Compressors 275
7.1 Indicator Diagram 275
7.2 Parts 276
7.2.1 Cylinders 276
7.2.2 Sealing 276
7.2.3 Valves 277
7.3 Volumetric Efficiency 280
7.4 Membrane Compressor 286
7.5 Work and Power 286
7.5.1 Technical Work 286
7.5.2 Isothermal Compression 289
7.5.3 Polytropic Compression 290
7.5.4 Conclusions 291
7.5.5 Efficiency of a Piston Compressor 292
7.6 Two-stage Compressor 294
7.6.1 Motivation 294
7.6.2 Two Stages 295
7.6.2.1 General 295
7.6.2.2 Indicator Diagram 297
7.6.2.3 Intermediate Pressure 297
7.6.2.4 Work Per Stage 299
7.6.2.5 Compression Temperatures 299
7.6.2.6 Volumetric Efficiency 300
7.6.2.7 Cylinder Dimensions 300
7.6.2.8 Mounting 301
7.7 Three or More Stages 301
7.8 Problems with Water Condensation 301
7.9 Flow Regulation 305
7.9.1 Continuous Speed Regulation 305
7.9.2 Throttling Suction Line 305
7.9.3 Keeping Suction Valve Open 306
7.9.4 Dead Volume 306
7.10 Star Triangle Connection 308
7.10.1 Speed Regulation with VFD 311
7.11 Refrigeration Piston Compressor 314 8 Other Displacement Compressors 317
8.1 Roots Compressor 317
8.1.1 Operation 317
8.1.2 Technical Work 317
8.1.3 Properties 319
8.2 Vane Compressor 321
8.2.1 Operation 321
8.2.2 Properties 325
8.3 Screw Compressor 326
8.3.1 Operation 326
8.3.2 Properties 330
8.3.3 Regulation 332
8.3.4 Refrigerant Compressors 334
8.4 Mono-screw Compressor 334
8.4.1 Operation 334
8.4.2 Properties 335
8.4.3 Regulation 338
8.5 Scroll Compressor 341
8.6 Tooth Rotor Compressor 342
8.7 Rolling Piston 342
8.7.1 Operation "Rotary" 342
8.7.2 Swing Compressor 344
8.8 Liquid Ring Compressor 348
8.8.1 Operation 348
8.8.2 Properties 349
8.9 Regulation Displacement Compressors 351
8.9.1 Blow Off 351
8.9.2 Bypass Regulation 352
8.9.3 Throttling the Suction Line 352
8.9.4 Start-Stop Regulation 352
8.9.5 Full Load-No Load Regulation 353
8.9.6 Speed Control with a Frequency Regulator 353
8.10 Refrigerant Compressors 353 9 Turbocompressors 355
9.1 Centrifugal Fans 355
9.1.1 General 355
9.1.2 Sta