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Preface xiii 1 Controllable Self-Assembly of One-Dimensional Nanocrystals 1 Shaoyi Zhang, Yang Yang, and Zhihong Nie
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Assembly Strategies 2
1.2.1 Templated Assembly 2
1.2.1.1 Geometrically Patterned Template 2
1.2.1.2 Chemically Patterned Template 4
1.2.2 Field-Driven Assembly 7
1.2.2.1 Assembly under Electric Field 7
1.2.2.2 Magnetic Field 10
1.2.2.3 Flow Field 12
1.2.3 Assembly at Interfaces and Surface 13
1.2.3.1 Liquid-Liquid Interface 14
1.2.3.2 Liquid-Air Interface 15
1.2.3.3 Evaporation-Mediated Assembly on Solid Surface 17
1.2.4 Ligand-Guided Assembly 19
1.2.4.1 Small Molecules 19
1.2.4.2 Polymeric Species 21
1.2.4.3 Biomolecular Ligand 23
1.3 Properties and Applications 25
1.4 Perspectives and Challenges 28 References 29 2 Self-Assembled Graphene Nanostructures and Their Applications 39 Dingshan Yu, Zhongke Yuan, Xiaofen Xiao, and Quan Li
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 State-of-the-Art Self-Assembly Strategies of Graphene Nanostructures 40
2.2.1 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Method 40
2.2.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly Method 42
2.2.3 Flow-, Evaporation-, and Interface-Induced Self-Assembly 43
2.2.4 Template-Directed Self-Assembly and Hydrothermal Processes 45
2.2.5 Spin- and Space-Confinement Self-Assembly 46
2.2.6 Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials 49
2.2.7 Composites with Polymers 51
2.2.8 Composites with Metal or Metal Compounds 53
2.3 Applications of Self-Assembled Graphene Nanostructures 57
2.3.1 Optoelectronics and Photocatalysis 57
2.3.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage 59
2.3.3 Electrocatalysis 60
2.4 Outlook 61 References 62 3 Photochromic Organic and Hybrid Self-Organized Nanostructured Materials: From Design to Applications 75 Ling Wang and Quan Li
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Photochromic Organic and Hybrid Nanoparticles 76
3.2.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles with Photochromic Molecules 77
3.2.2 Fluorescent Nanoparticles with Photochromic Molecules 81
3.2.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Photochromic Molecules 83
3.3 Photochromic Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 87
3.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes with Photochromic Molecules 87
3.3.2 Graphene Derivatives with Photochromic Molecules 90
3.4 Photochromic Chiral Liquid-Crystalline Nanostructured Materials 91
3.4.1 Cholesteric Liquid-Crystalline Superstructures 93
3.4.2 Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phase Superstructures 97
3.4.3 Liquid-Crystalline Microshells and Microdroplets 98
3.5 Summary and Perspective 100 Acknowledgments 101 References 101 4 Photoresponsive Host-Guest Nanostructured Supramolecular Systems 113 Da-Hui Qu,Wen-ZhiWang, and He Tian
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Photoresponsive Supramolecular Polymers andTheir Assemblies 114
4.2.1 Supramolecular Interactions in the Main Chain 115
4.2.2 Supramolecular Interactions in the Side Chain 133
4.2.3 Supramolecular Complexations as Cross-Linkers between Branched Polymer Chains 139
4.2.4 Photoresponsive Supramolecular Micelles, Vesicles, and Other Assemblies 140
4.3 Photoresponsive Host-Guest Systems Immobilized on Surfaces 148
4.4 Conclusions and Prospects 157 Acknowledgments 157 Abbreviations 157 References 158 5 ;;-Electronic Ion-Pairing Assemblies Providing Nanostructured Materials 165 Yohei Haketa and Hiromitsu Maeda
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 Nanostructures Based on Self-Assembling Ï?-Electronic Charged Species 167
5.2.1 Formation of Nanofibers 167
5.2.2 Formation of Nanotubes and Others 172
5.3 Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Ï?-Electronic Charged Species 175
5.4 Assemblies Based on Genuine Ï?-Electronic Ions 177
5.5 Ion-Pairing Assemblies Based on Ï?-Electronic Anion-Responsive Molecules 184
5.5.1 Solid-State Assemblies Based on Ï?-Electronic Anion-Responsive Molecules 184
5.5.2 Solid-State Assemblies of Receptor-Anion Complexes 186
5.5.3 Ion-Pairing Supramolecular Gels 186
5.5.4 Ion-Pairing Liquid Crystals Based on Ï?-Electronic Charged Species 188
5.6 Conclusion 193 References 194 6 Stimuli-Responsive Nanostructured Surfaces for Biomedical Applications 203 Bárbara Santos Gomes and Paula M. Mendes
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 Thin-Film Formation by Assembly on Surfaces 204
6.3 Lithographic Techniques 206
6.4 Electrically Driven Nanostructured Responsive Surfaces 209
6.5 Photodriven Nanostructured Responsive Surfaces 216
6.6 Thermo-Driven Nanostructured Responsive Surfaces 222
6.7 Chemically Controlled Nanostructured Surfaces 227
6.8 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 234 References 235 7 Stimuli-Directed Self-Organized One-Dimensional Organic Semiconducting Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications 247 A.S. Achalkumar,Manoj Mathews, and Quan Li
7.1 Introduction to Discotic Liquid Crystals 247
7.2 Application of Columnar Phases in Organic Electronics 250
7.3 Alignment of Col LC Phases through Different Stimuli 253
7.3.1 Alignment Control by Molecular Design 255
7.3.2 Alignment Control of Columnar Phase through Physical Methods 262
7.3.2.1 Surface Treatment 262
7.3.2.2 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Deposition 266
7.3.2.3 Application of Self-Assembled Monolayers 269
7.3.2.4 Application of Chemically Modified Surfaces and Dewetting 273
7.3.2.5 Application of Sacrificial Layer 276
7.3.2.6 Alignment in Nanopores and Nanogrooves 277
7.3.2.7 Zone Casting 281
7.3.2.8 Zone Melting 282
7.3.2.9 Dip Coating, Solvent Vapor Annealing, and Solvent-Induced Precipitation 283
7.3.2.10 Magnetic-Field-Induced Alignment 287
7.3.2.11 Electric-Field-Induced Alignment 288
7.3.2.12 Photoalignment by Infrared Irradiation 290
7.3.2.13 Other Alignment Techniques 291
7.4 Conclusions and Perspective 293 References 295 8 Stimuli-Directed Helical Axis Switching in Chiral Liquid Crystal Nanostructures 307 Rafael S. Zola and Quan Li
8.1 Introduction 307
8.2 Self-Organized Chiral Nematic LCs 308
8.3 Field-Induced Helical Axis Switching: Dielectric/Magnetic Torque and Flexoelectric Effect 311
8.4 Optically Driven Helical Axis Switching 319
8.5 Confinement Mediated Helical Axis Change 328
8.6 Helical Axis Switching in CLC Polymer Composites 339
8.7 Summary and Outlook 345 References 346 9 Electrically Driven Self-Organized Chiral Liquid-Crystalline Nanostructures: Organic Molecular Photonic Crystal with Tunable Bandgap 359 Suman K. Manna, Thomas F. George, and Guoqiang Li
9.1 Introduction 359
9.1.1 Photonic Crystal 359
9.1.2 Photonic Bandgap 359
9.1.3 Light Propagation in 1D Photonic Bandgap Medium 361
9.2 Self-Assembled Photonic Crystals 362
9.2.1 Opal Structure 363
9.2.2 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal 363
9.2.2.1 Liquid Crystal 364
9.2.2.2 Nonchiral Liquid-Crystalline Phase 364
9.2.2.3 Chiral Liquid-Crystalline Phase (Cholesteric) 365
9.3 Electric-Field-Induced, Self-Assembled, Tunable Photonic Crystals 366
9.3.1 Self-Assembled Tunable Opal 367
9.3.2 Electric-Field-Induced, Self-Assembled, Tunable CLC 367
9.3.3 Transverse-Electric-Field-Induced Tunable CLCs 368
9.3.4 Polymer-Stabilized Tunable CLCs 371
9.3.5 Lower Elastic Constant LC Host 373
9.3.6 Negative LC Host 374
9.4 Conclusions 377 Acknowledgments 378 References 378 10 Nanostructured Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 383 Jin Zhang and San Ping Jiang
10.1 Introduction 383
10.2 Nanostructured Nafion-Based Hybrid Membranes 386
10.2.1 Nafion Hybrid Membrane Based on Metal Oxides 387
10.2.1.1 Casting Method 388
10.2.1.2 In situ Sol-Gel Method 391
10.2.1.3 Liquid-Phase Deposition Method 393
10.2.2 Nafion Hybrid Membrane Based on Proton Conductors 394
10.3 Hydrocarbon Polymer-Based Hybrid Membranes 394
10.4 Nanostructured PBI-Based Hybrid Membranes 396
10.4.1 Addition of Non-proton Conductors 398
10.4.2 Conductive Inorganic Fillers 400
10.4.2.1 Functionalization of Inorganic Fillers 400
10.4.2.2 Proton-Conductor-Incorporated Inorganic Fillers 402
10.5 Alternative PA-Doped Hybrid Membranes 404
10.6 Conclusions and Outlook 405 Acknowledgment 408 References 408 11 Two-Dimensional Organic and Hybrid Porous Frameworks as Novel Electronic Material Systems: Electronic Properties and Advanced Energy Conversion Functions 419 Ken Sakaushi
11.1 Introduction 419
11.2 Electronic Function Control in Two-Dimensional Organic and Hybrid Porous Frameworks 422
11.3 Electronic Functions in 2D Organic Frameworks and Applications 424
11.4 Electronic Functions in Two-Dimensional Hybrid Porous Frameworks and Applications 433
11.5 Concluding Remarks 437 Acknowledgments 439 References 439 12 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion 445 Yucheng Lan, XiaomingWang, ChundongWang, and Mona Zebarjadi
12.1 Introduction 445
12.1.1 Inorganic Thermoelectric Materials 447
12.1.2 Or