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Introduction xxxi
Chapter 1 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Design 2 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 2 Foundation Topics 4 IPv4 Header 5 ToS 7 IPv4 Fragmentation 10 IPv4 Addressing 11 IPv4 Address Classes 12 Class A Addresses 12 Class B Addresses 13 Class C Addresses 13 Class D Addresses 13 Class E Addresses 13 IPv4 Address Types 13 IPv4 Private Addresses 14 NAT 14 IPv4 Address Subnets 17 Mask Nomenclature 17 IP Address Subnet Design Example 18 Determining the Network Portion of an IP Address 19 Variable-Length Subnet Masking 19 VLSM Address Assignment: Example 1 20 Loopback Addresses 21 IP Telephony Networks 22 VLSM Address Assignment: Example 2 22 IPv4 Addressing Design 24 Goals of IPv4 Address Design 24 Planning for Future Use of IPv4 Addresses 24 Performing Route Summarization 24 Planning for a Hierarchical IP Address Network 25 Private and Public IP Address and NAT Guidelines 26 Steps for Creating an IPv4 Address Plan 27 Case Study: IP Address Subnet Allocation 28 Address Assignment and Name Resolution 29 Recommended Practices of IP Address Assignment 30 BOOTP 30 DHCP 30 DNS 32 ARP 34 References and Recommended Readings 35 Exam Preparation Tasks 37
Chapter 2 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Design 44 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 44 Foundation Topics 47 Introduction to IPv6 47 IPv6 Header 48 IPv6 Address Representation 50 IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses 51 IPv6 Prefix Representation 51 IPv6 Address Scope Types and Address Allocations 52 IPv6 Address Allocations 52 IPv6 Unicast Addresses 53 Global Unicast Addresses 53 Link-Local Addresses 54 Unique Local IPv6 Address 54 Global Aggregatable IPv6 Address 55 IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses 55 IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses 55 IPv6 Anycast Addresses 55 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 56 IPv6 Mechanisms 58 ICMPv6 58 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol 59 IPv6 Name Resolution 60 Path MTU Discovery 61 IPv6 Address-Assignment Strategies 61 Manual Configuration 61 SLAAC of Link-Local Address 61 SLAAC of Globally Unique IPv6 Address 62 DHCPv6 63 DHCPv6 Lite 63 IPv6 Security 63 IPv6 Routing Protocols 64 RIPng 64 EIGRP for IPv6 64 OSPFv3 64 IS-IS for IPv6 64 BGP4 Multiprotocol Extensions (MP-BGP) for IPv6 65 IPv6 Addressing Design 65 Planning for Addressing with IPv6 65 Route Summarization with IPv6 65 IPv6 Private Addressing 66 IPv6 for the Enterprise 66 IPv6 Address Allocation 66 Partly Linked IPv4 Address into IPv6 67 Whole IPv4 Address Linked to IPv6 67 IPv6 Addresses Allocated per Location and/or Type 67 IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration Strategies and Deployment Models 68 Dual-Stack Migration Strategy 68 IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling Strategy 69 Manual Configured Tunnels and GRE Tunnels 69 Automatic Tunnel Mechanisms 69 6to4 Tunnels 69 6RD Tunnels 70 IPv6 ISATAP Tunnels 70 IPv6/IPv4 Translation Strategy 71 DNS64 71 NAT64 71 Stateless NAT64 71 Stateful NAT64 71 IPv6 Deployment Models 73 Dual-Stack Model 73 Hybrid Model 74 Service Block Model 75 IPv6 Deployment Model Comparison 76 IPv6 Comparison with IPv4 76 References and Recommended Readings 77 Exam Preparation Tasks 80
Chapter 3 Routing Protocol Characteristics, EIGRP, and IS-IS 90 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 90 Foundation Topics 92 Routing Protocol Characteristics 92 Static Versus Dynamic Route Assignment 93 Interior Versus Exterior Routing Protocols 94 Distance-Vector Routing Protocols 95 EIGRP 96 Link-State Routing Protocols 96 Distance-Vector Routing Protocols Versus Link-State Protocols 96 Hierarchical Versus Flat Routing Protocols 97 Classless Versus Classful Routing Protocols 97 IPv4 Versus IPv6 Routing Protocols 98 Administrative Distance 99 Routing Protocol Metrics and Loop Prevention 100 Hop Count 100 Bandwidth 101 Cost 101 Load 102 Delay 103 Reliability 103 Maximum Transmission Unit 103 Routing Loop-Prevention Schemes 104 Split Horizon 104 Poison Reverse 104 Counting to Infinity 105 Triggered Updates 105 Summarization 105 EIGRP 105 EIGRP Components 106 Protocol-Dependent Modules 106 Neighbor Discovery and Recovery 106 RTP 107 DUAL 107 EIGRP Timers 109 EIGRP Metrics 109 EIGRP Packet Types 110 EIGRP Design 111 EIGRP Scaling Techniques 111 EIGRP Stub Routers 112 EIGRP Variance Command 113 EIGRP for IPv4 Summary 113 EIGRP for IPv6 (EIGRPv6) Networks 114 EIGRP for IPv6 Design 114 EIGRP in the Data Center 115 EIGRP for IPv6 Summary 115 IS-IS 116 IS-IS Metrics 116 IS-IS Operation and Design 117 IS-IS NET Addressing 117 IS-IS DRs 117 IS-IS Interface Types 117 IS-IS Area Design 118 IS-IS Authentication 119 IS-IS for IPv6 120 IS-IS Summary 121 References and Recommended Readings 121 Exam Preparation Tasks 122
Chapter 4 OSPF, BGP, and Route Manipulation 132 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 132 Foundation Topics 134 OSPFv2 134 OSPFv2 Metric 135 OSPFv2 Adjacencies and Hello Timers 135 OSPF Message Types 136 OSPFv2 Areas 137 OSPF Area Design Considerations 137 OSPF Router Types 138 OSPF DRs 140 LSA Types 140 Autonomous System External Path Types 141 OSPF Stub Area Types 142 Stub Areas 142 Totally Stubby Areas 142 NSSAs 143 Virtual Links 143 OSPFv2 Router Authentication 143 OSPFv2 Summary 144 OSPFv3 144 OSPFv3 Changes from OSPFv2 145 OSPFv3 Areas and Router Types 145 OSPFv3 LSAs 146 OSPFv3 Summary 148 BGP 148 BGP Neighbors 149 eBGP 149 iBGP 150 Route Reflectors 151 Confederations 152 BGP Administrative Distance 154 BGP Attributes, Weight, and the BGP Decision Process 154 BGP Path Attributes 154 Next-Hop Attribute 154 Local Preference Attribute 154 Origin Attribute 155 Autonomous System Path (AS_Path) Attribute 155 MED Attribute 156 Community Attribute 157 Atomic Aggregate and Aggregator Attributes 157 Weight Attribute 157 BGP Decision Process 158 eBGP Multihop 161 BGP Multipath 161 BGP Summary 161 Route Manipulation 161 PBR 162 Route Summarization 162 Route Redistribution 164 Default Metric 167 OSPF Redistribution 167 Route Filtering 167 Transit Traffic 168 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) 168 Graceful Restart and Non-Stop Routing 169 Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) 169 References and Recommended Readings 169 Exam Preparation Tasks 170
Chapter 5 IP Multicast and Network Management 180 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 180 Foundation Topics 182 IP Multicast Review 182 Multicast Addresses 182 Layer 3 to Layer 2 Mapping 183 IGMP 184 IGMPv1 184 IGMPv2 184 IGMPv3 185 CGMP 185 IGMP Snooping 186 Sparse Versus Dense Multicast 186 Multicast Source and Shared Trees 187 PIM 187 PIM-SM 187 PIM DR 188 Auto-RP 188 BIDIR-PIM 188 PIM-SSM 189 MSDP 189 Summary of Multicast Protocols 189 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 190 Network Management Design 190 SNMP 191 SNMP Components 191 Network Management Design Considerations 192 In-Band Versus Out-of-Band Network Management 192 Network Management Traffic Prioritization 192 MIB 192 SNMP Versions 194 SNMPv1 194 SNMPv2 194 SNMPv3 195 Other Network Management Technologies 196 RMON 196 RMON2 197 NetFlow 197 NetFlow Compared to RMON and SNMP 200 CDP 201 LLDP 202 Syslog 202 References and Recommended Readings 203 Exam Preparation Tasks 205
Chapter 6 Enterprise LAN Design and Technologies 214 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 214 Foundation Topics 216 Hierarchical Network Models 216 Benefits of the Hierarchical Model 216 Hierarchical Network Design 217 Core Layer 218 Distribution Layer 218 Access Layer 219 Hierarchical Model Examples 221 VSS 222 Hub-and-Spoke Design 222 Collapsed Core Design 223 Building Triangles and Redundant Links 224 Local Versus End-to-End VLAN Design Models 225 LAN Media 225 Ethernet Design Rules 226 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet Design Rules 226 Gigabit Ethernet Design Rules 227 1000BASE-LX Long-Wavelength Gigabit Ethernet 228 1000BASE-SX Short-Wavelength Gigabit Ethernet 228 1000BASE-CX Gigabit Ethernet over Coaxial Cable 228 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet over UTP 228 10 Gigabit Ethernet Design Rules 229 10 Gigabit Ethernet Media Types 229 EtherChannel 230 Port Aggregation Considerations 231 Comparison of Campus Media 231 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 232 Spanning Tree Protocol and Layer 2 Security Design Considerations 232 Spanning Tree Protocol Metrics 233 PVST+ 234 Rapid PVST+ 234 Alignment of Spanning Tree Protocol with FHRP 234 MST 234 Cisco Spanning Tree Protocol Toolkit 235 PortFast 235 UplinkF