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Introduction: The Age of Lethal Empowerment
PART ONE: THEORYChapter 1: Classic Models of Military Innovation: Shaped by the Nuclear Revolution Introduction The Historical Relationship between War and Technology Innovation is Double-Edged The Social Nature of Diffusion Technology is Not Strategy Historical Context Matters Opening Pandora''s Box
Chapter 2: The Arsenal for Anarchy: When and How Violent Individuals and Groups Innovate Introduction The Historical Relationship between Political Violence and TechnologyHow Technologies Were Harnessed How Lethal Nonstate Actors Innovate Everett Rogers'' Theory of Commercial Diffusion Revisited
PART TWO: HISTORYChapter 3: Dynamite and the Birth of Modern Terrorism Introduction The Advent of Gunpowder Early Explosive Violence from Below Gunpowder Helps Build the Modern World Alfred Nobel''s Vision Dynamite Becomes the People''s Weapon The Narodnaya Volya and the Killing of the Tsar The Skirmishers and Clan na Gael The International Anarchist Movement Why Dynamite Diffused
Chapter 4: How Dynamite Diffused IntroductionInnovation Was Not Driven by the Military The Global Production of DynamiteGrowth Despite DangerInexorable Downward Pressure on PriceThe Stoking of Discontent The International Anarchist Convention of 1881 and ''Propaganda of the Deed'' Dynamite Schools and Pamphlets Anarchist Newspapers and Periodicals Worldwide Mass Market Sensationalism Patterns in Numbers of AttacksHow Global Dynamitings Ended Nobel''s Remorse
Chapter 5: The Kalashnikov and the Global Wave of Insurgencies Introduction The Evolution of Firearms and the Introduction of the Machine Gun Kalashnikov''s Invention of the AK-47 Why the AK-47 Was so Widely Adopted A Humble, Yet Disruptive Innovation
Chapter 6: How the Kalashnikov Diffused The Kalashnikov''s Debut and Public Demonstration Trading in Kalashnikovs The Diffusion of KalashnikovsA Proliferation of Factories The Revolutionary''s Weapon of ChoiceBack to the USA The Impact on the Power of States Why the Kalashnikov SpreadThe Floodgates Opened Kalashnikov''s RegretThe Power of Unintended ConsequencesPART THREE: CONVERGENCE: WIDESPREAD LETHAL EMPOWERMENTChapter 7: Open Innovation of Mobilization: Social Media and Conquering Digital Terrain Introduction The New Nature of Mobilization New Tools for Old Tactics New Tools Used in New WaysBoundless Interactivity Mobile Streaming Videos and Live-streaming Quality First-Person Filmmaking TechnologyViral Fake News End-to-End Encryption Hijacking Psychological TacticsUnintended Consequences Redux
Chapter 8: Open Innovation of Reach: From AK-47s to Drones, Robots, Smartphones, and 3-D Printing Introduction Convergent Technologies and Extended Reach The Scope of Unmanned Systems How Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Extend Private Reach Predators, Reapers, Global Hawk: Sustaining Technologies The Pattern of State-to-State Proliferation of UAVs State-to-Group Proliferation of UAVs: Hezbollah and Hamas These Are Not the Drones You''re Looking For Terrorist and Insurgent Groups'' Lethal UAV Programs Crowd-funded, "Grey Zone," and Private UAV Intelligence Advances in the Works Drones as Missiles Democratized Precision Strike Capability Everyone Manufactures Everything with 3D Printing Individual Flying Devices Lagging Countermeasures
Chapter 9: An Army of One Launches Many: Autonomy and Artificial IntelligenceIntroductionA Spectrum of AutonomyThe Perils of Full Artificial IntelligenceThe Predictions of Lethal Empowerment TheoryAutonomous ReachSelf-driving Truck BombsHijacking the Internet of ThingsAutonomous SwarmsSmall Autonomous Killer RobotsTailored for Terrorism Conclusion: Strategy in an Age of Lethal Empowerment Powerful Economic Incentives for DiffusionTechnological Optimism and a Boom in TinkeringNew Communications Technologies Are Powerful Incentives to ViolenceMilitaries Are Facing the Innovator''s DilemmaDisruptive Private Armies: The ISIS PrecedentResponding to the ThreatThe Profit Motive for ProtectionsRegulation Is Not Necessarily StrangulationBuilding Up National SecurityStrategy in an Age of Lethal Empowerment