Hjem

PrologueFocus
1: The Properties of GasesTopic 1A The perfect gas1A.1 Variables of state1A.2 Equations of stateTopic 1B The kinetic model1B.1 The model1B.2 CollisionsTopic 1C Real gases1C.1 Deviations from perfect behaviour1C.2 The van der Waals equationFocus
2: The First LawTopic 2A Internal energy2A.1 Work, heat, and energy2A.2 The definition of internal energy2A.3 Expansion work2A.4 Heat transactionsTopic 2B Enthalpy2B.1 The definitions of enthalpy2B.2 The variation of enthalpy with temperatureTopic 2C Thermochemistry2C.1 Standard enthalpy changes2C.2 Standard enthalpies of formation2C.3 The temperature dependence of reaction enthalpies2C.4 Experimental techniquesTopic 2D State functions and exact differentials2D.1 Exact and inexact differentials2D.2 Changes in internal energy2D.3 Changes in enthalpy2D.4 The Joule-Thomson effectTopic 2E Adiabatic Changes2E.1 The change in temperature2E.2 The change in pressureFocus
3: The Second and Third LawsTopic 3A Entropy3A.1 The Second Law3A.2 The definition of entropy3A.3 The entropy as a stateTopic 3B Entropy changes accompanying specific processes3B.1 Expansion3B.2 Phase transitions3B.3 Heating3B.4 Composite processesTopic 3C The measurement of entropy3C.1 The calorimetric measurement of entropy3C.2 The Third LawTopic 3D Concentrating on the system3D.1 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies3D.2 Standard molar Gibbs energiesTopic 3E Combining the First and Second Laws3E.1 Properties of the internal energy3E.2 Properties of the Gibbs energyFocus
4: Physical Transformations of Pure SubstancesTopic 4A Phase diagrams of pure substances4A.1 The stabilities of phases4A.2 Phase boundaries4A.3 Three representative phase diagramsTopic 4B Thermodynamic aspects of phase transitions4B.1 The dependence of stability on conditions4B.2 The location of phase boundariesFocus
5: Simple MixturesTopic 5A The thermodynamic description of mixtures5A.1 Partial molar quantities5A.2 The thermodynamics of mixing5A.3 The chemical potential of liquidsTopic 5B The properties of solutions5B.1 Liquid mixtures5B.2 Colligative propertiesTopic 5C Phase diagrams of binary systems: liquids5C.1 Vapour pressure diagrams5C.2 Temperature-composition diagrams5C.3 Distillation5C.4 Liquid-liquid phase diagramsTopic 5D Phase diagrams of binary systems: solids5D.1 Eutectics5D.2 Reacting systems5D.3 Incongruent meltingTopic 5E Phase diagrams of ternary systems5E.1 Triangular phase diagrams5E.2 Ternary systemsTopic 5F Activities5F.1 The solvent activity5F.2 The solute activity5F.3 The activities of regular solutions5F.4 The activities of ionsFocus
6: Chemical EquilibriumTopic 6A The equilibrium constant6A.1 The Gibbs energy minimum6A.2 The description of equilibriumTopic 6B The response of equilibria to the conditions6B.1 The response to pressure6B.2 The response to temperatureTopic 6C Electrochemical cells6C.1 Half-reactions and electrodes6C.2 Varieties of cells6C.3 The cell potential6C.4 The determination of thermodynamic functionsTopic 6D Electrode potentials6D.1 Standard potentials6D.2 Applications of standard potentialsFocus
7: Quantum TheoryTopic 7A The origins of quantum mechanics7A.1 Energy quantization7A.2 Wave-particle dualityTopic 7B Wavefunctions7B.1 The Schrödinger equation7B.2 The Born interpretationTopic 7C Operators and observables7C.1 Operators7C.2 Superpositions and expectation values7C.3 The uncertainty principle7C.4 The postulates of quantum mechanicsTopic 7D Translational motion7D.1 Free motion in one dimension7D.2 Confined motion in one dimension7D.3 Confined motion in two and more dimensions7D.4 TunnellingTopic 7E Vibrational motion7E.1 The harmonic oscillator7E.2 Properties of the harmonic oscillatorTopic 7F Rotational motion7F.1 Rotation in two dimensions7F.2 Rotation in three dimensionsFocus
8: Atomic Structure and SpectraTopic 8A Hydrogenic atoms8A.1 The structure of hydrogenic atoms8A.2 Atomic orbitals and their energiesTopic 8B Many-electron atoms8B.1 The orbital approximation8B.2 The Pauli exclusion principle8B.3 The building-up principle8B.4 Self-consistent field orbitalsTopic 8C Atomic spectra8C.1 The spectra of hydrogenic atoms8C.2 The spectra of many-electron atomsFocus
9: Molecular StructureTopic 9A Valence-bond theory9A.1 Diatomic molecules9A.2 Resonance9A.3 Polyatomic moleculesTopic 9B Molecular orbital theory: the hydrogen molecule-ion9B.1 Linear combinations of atomic orbitals9B.2 Orbital notationTopic 9C Molecular orbital theory: homonuclear diatomic molecules9C.1 Electron configurations9C.2 Photoelectron spectroscopyTopic 9D Molecular orbital theory: heteronuclear diatomic molecules9D.1 Polar bonds and electronegativity9D.2 The variation principleTopic 9E Molecular orbital theory: polyatomic molecules9E. 1 The Hückel approximation9E.2 Applications9E.3 Computational chemistryFocus
10: Molecular SymmetryTopic 10A Shape and symmetry10A.1 Symmetry operations and symmetry elements10A.2 The symmetry classification of molecules10A.3 Some immediate consequences of symmetryTopic 10B Group theory10B.1 The elements of group theory10B.2 Matrix representations10B.3 Character tablesTopic 10C Applications of symmetry10C.1 Vanishing integrals10C.2 Applications to molecular orbital theory10C.3 Selection rulesFocus
11: Molecular SpectroscopyTopic 11A General features of molecular spectroscopy11A.1 The absorption and emission of radiation11A.2 Spectral linewidths11A.3 Experimental techniquesTopic 11B Rotational spectroscopy11B.1 Rotational energy levels11B.2 Microwave spectroscopy11B.3 Rotational Raman spectroscopy11B.4 Nuclear statistics and rotational statesTopic 11C Vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules11C.1 Vibrational motion11C.2 Infrared spectroscopy11C.3 Anharmonicity11C.4 Vibration-rotation spectra11C.5 Vibrational Raman spectraTopic 11D Vibrational spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules11D.1 Normal modes11D.2 Infrared absorption spectra11D.3 Vibrational Raman spectraTopic 11E Symmetry analysis of vibrational spectra11E.1 Classification of normal modes according to symmetry11E.2 Symmetry of vibrational wavefunctionsTopic 11F Electronic spectra11F.1 Diatomic molecules11F.2 Polyatomic moleculesTopic 11G Decay of excited states11G.1 Fluorescence and phosphorescence11G.2 Dissociation and predissociation11G.3 LasersFocus
12: Magnetic ResonanceTopic 12A Basic principles12A.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance12A.2 Electron paramagnetic resonanceTopic 12B Features of NMR spectra12B.1 The chemical shift12B.2 The origin of shielding constants12B.3 The fine structure12B.4 Exchange processes12B.5 Solid-state NMRTopic 12C Pulse techniques in NMR12C.1 The magnetization vector12C.2 Spin relaxation12C.3 Spin decoupling12C.4 The nuclear Overhauser effectTopic 12D Electron paramagnetic resonance12D.1 The g-value12D.2 Hyperfine structureFocus
13: Statistical ThermodynamicsTopic 13A The boltzmann distribution13A.1 Configurations and weights13A.2 The relative population of statesTopic 13B Molecular partition functions13B.1 The significance of the partition function13B.2 Contributions to the partition functionTopic 13C Molecular energies13C.1 The basic equations13C.2 Contributions of the fundamental modes of motionTopic 13D The canonical ensemble13D.1 The concept of ensemble13D.2 The mean energy of a system13D.3 Independent molecules revisited13D.4 The variation of the energy with volumeTopic 13E The internal energy and the entropy13E.1 The internal energy13E.2 The entropyTopic 13F Derived functions13F.1 The derivations13F.2 Equilibrium constantsFocus
14: Molecular InteractionsTopic 14A The electric properties of molecules14A.1 Electric dipole moments14A.2 Polarizabilities14A.3 PolarizationTopic 14B Interactions between molecules14B.1 The interactions of dipoles14B.2 Hydrogen bonding14B.3 The total interactionTopic 14C Liquids14C.1 Molecular interactions in liquids14C.2 The liquid-vapour interface14C.3 Surface films14C.4 CondensationTopic 14D Macromolecules14D.1 Average molar masses14D.2 The different levels of structure14D.3 Random coils14D.4 Mechanical properties14D.5 Thermal propertiesTopic 14E Self-assembly14E.1 Colloids14E.2 Micelles and biological membranesFocus
15: SolidsTopic 15A Crystal structure15A.1 Periodic crystal lattices15A.2 The identification of lattice planesTopic 15B Diffraction techniques15B.1 X-ray crystallography15B.2 Neutron and electron diffractionsTopic 15C Bonding in solids15C.1 Metals15C.2 Ionic solids15C.3 Covalent and molecular solidsTopic 15D The mechanical properties of solidsTopic 15E The electrical properties of solids15E.1 Metallic conductors15E.2 Insulators and semiconductors15E.3 SuperconductorsTopic 15F The magnetic properties of solids15F.1 Magnetic susceptibility15F.2 Permanent and induced magnetic moments15F.3 Magnetic properties of superconductorsTopic 15G The optical properties of solids15G.1 Excitons15G.2 Metals and semiconductors15G.3 Nonlinear optical phenomenaFocus
16: Molecules in MotionTopic 16A Transport properties of a perfect gas16A.1 The phenomenological equations16A.2 The transport parametersTopic 16B Motion in liquids16B.1 Experimental results16B.2 The mobilities of ionsTopic 16C Diffusion16C.1 The thermodynamic view16C.2 The diffusion equation16C.3 The statistical viewFocus
17: Chemical KineticsTopic 17A The rates of chemical reactions17A.1 Monitoring the progress of a reaction17A.2 The rates of reactionsTopic 17B Integrated rate laws17B.1 Zeroth-order reactions17B.2 First-order reactions17B.3 Second-order reactionsTopic 17C Reactions approaching equilibrium17C.1 First-order reactions approaching equilibrium17C.2 Relaxation methodsTopic 17D The Arrhenius equation17D.1 The temperature dependence of reaction rates17D.2 The interpretation of the Arrhenius parametersTopic 17E Reaction mechanisms17E.1 Elementary reactions17E.2 Consecutive elementary reactions17E.3 The steady-state approximation17E.4 The rate-determining step17E.5 Pre-equilibria17E.6 Kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactionsTopic 17F Examples of reaction mechanisms17F.1 Unimolecular reaction