Hjem

PrologueFocus
1: The Properties of GasesTopic 1A The perfect gas1A.
1 Variables of state1A.
2 Equations of stateTopic 1B The kinetic model1B.
1 The model1B.
2 CollisionsTopic 1C Real gases1C.
1 Deviations from perfect behaviour1C.
2 The van der Waals equationFocus
2: The First LawTopic 2A Internal energy2A.
1 Work, heat, and energy2A.
2 The definition of internal energy2A.
3 Expansion work2A.
4 Heat transactionsTopic 2B Enthalpy2B.
1 The definitions of enthalpy2B.
2 The variation of enthalpy with temperatureTopic 2C Thermochemistry2C.
1 Standard enthalpy changes2C.
2 Standard enthalpies of formation2C.
3 The temperature dependence of reaction enthalpies2C.
4 Experimental techniquesTopic 2D State functions and exact differentials2D.
1 Exact and inexact differentials2D.
2 Changes in internal energy2D.
3 Changes in enthalpy2D.
4 The Joule-Thomson effectTopic 2E Adiabatic Changes2E.
1 The change in temperature2E.
2 The change in pressureFocus
3: The Second and Third LawsTopic 3A Entropy3A.
1 The Second Law3A.
2 The definition of entropy3A.
3 The entropy as a stateTopic 3B Entropy changes accompanying specific processes3B.
1 Expansion3B.
2 Phase transitions3B.
3 Heating3B.
4 Composite processesTopic 3C The measurement of entropy3C.
1 The calorimetric measurement of entropy3C.
2 The Third LawTopic 3D Concentrating on the system3D.
1 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies3D.
2 Standard molar Gibbs energiesTopic 3E Combining the First and Second Laws3E.
1 Properties of the internal energy3E.
2 Properties of the Gibbs energyFocus
4: Physical Transformations of Pure SubstancesTopic 4A Phase diagrams of pure substances4A.
1 The stabilities of phases4A.
2 Phase boundaries4A.
3 Three representative phase diagramsTopic 4B Thermodynamic aspects of phase transitions4B.
1 The dependence of stability on conditions4B.
2 The location of phase boundariesFocus
5: Simple MixturesTopic 5A The thermodynamic description of mixtures5A.
1 Partial molar quantities5A.
2 The thermodynamics of mixing5A.
3 The chemical potential of liquidsTopic 5B The properties of solutions5B.
1 Liquid mixtures5B.
2 Colligative propertiesTopic 5C Phase diagrams of binary systems: liquids5C.
1 Vapour pressure diagrams5C.
2 Temperature-composition diagrams5C.
3 Distillation5C.
4 Liquid-liquid phase diagramsTopic 5D Phase diagrams of binary systems: solids5D.
1 Eutectics5D.
2 Reacting systems5D.
3 Incongruent meltingTopic 5E Phase diagrams of ternary systems5E.
1 Triangular phase diagrams5E.
2 Ternary systemsTopic 5F Activities5F.
1 The solvent activity5F.
2 The solute activity5F.
3 The activities of regular solutions5F.
4 The activities of ionsFocus
6: Chemical EquilibriumTopic 6A The equilibrium constant6A.
1 The Gibbs energy minimum6A.
2 The description of equilibriumTopic 6B The response of equilibria to the conditions6B.
1 The response to pressure6B.
2 The response to temperatureTopic 6C Electrochemical cells6C.
1 Half-reactions and electrodes6C.
2 Varieties of cells6C.
3 The cell potential6C.
4 The determination of thermodynamic functionsTopic 6D Electrode potentials6D.
1 Standard potentials6D.
2 Applications of standard potentialsFocus
7: Quantum TheoryTopic 7A The origins of quantum mechanics7A.
1 Energy quantization7A.
2 Wave-particle dualityTopic 7B Wavefunctions7B.
1 The Schrodinger equation7B.
2 The Born interpretationTopic 7C Operators and observables7C.
1 Operators7C.
2 Superpositions and expectation values7C.
3 The uncertainty principle7C.
4 The postulates of quantum mechanicsTopic 7D Translational motion7D.
1 Free motion in one dimension7D.
2 Confined motion in one dimension7D.
3 Confined motion in two and more dimensions7D.
4 TunnellingTopic 7E Vibrational motion7E.
1 The harmonic oscillator7E.
2 Properties of the harmonic oscillatorTopic 7F Rotational motion7F.
1 Rotation in two dimensions7F.
2 Rotation in three dimensionsFocus
8: Atomic Structure and SpectraTopic 8A Hydrogenic atoms8A.
1 The structure of hydrogenic atoms8A.
2 Atomic orbitals and their energiesTopic 8B Many-electron atoms8B.
1 The orbital approximation8B.
2 The Pauli exclusion principle8B.
3 The building-up principle8B.
4 Self-consistent field orbitalsTopic 8C Atomic spectra8C.
1 The spectra of hydrogenic atoms8C.
2 The spectra of many-electron atomsFocus
9: Molecular StructureTopic 9A Valence-bond theory9A.
1 Diatomic molecules9A.
2 Resonance9A.
3 Polyatomic moleculesTopic 9B Molecular orbital theory: the hydrogen molecule-ion9B.
1 Linear combinations of atomic orbitals9B.
2 Orbital notationTopic 9C Molecular orbital theory: homonuclear diatomic molecules9C.
1 Electron configurations9C.
2 Photoelectron spectroscopyTopic 9D Molecular orbital theory: heteronuclear diatomic molecules9D.
1 Polar bonds and electronegativity9D.
2 The variation principleTopic 9E Molecular orbital theory: polyatomic molecules9E. 1 The Huckel approximation9E.
2 Applications9E.
3 Computational chemistryFocus
10: Molecular SymmetryTopic 10A Shape and symmetry10A.
1 Symmetry operations and symmetry elements10A.
2 The symmetry classification of molecules10A.
3 Some immediate consequences of symmetryTopic 10B Group theory10B.
1 The elements of group theory10B.
2 Matrix representations10B.
3 Character tablesTopic 10C Applications of symmetry10C.
1 Vanishing integrals10C.
2 Applications to molecular orbital theory10C.
3 Selection rulesFocus
11: Molecular SpectroscopyTopic 11A General features of molecular spectroscopy11A.
1 The absorption and emission of radiation11A.
2 Spectral linewidths11A.
3 Experimental techniquesTopic 11B Rotational spectroscopy11B.
1 Rotational energy levels11B.
2 Microwave spectroscopy11B.
3 Rotational Raman spectroscopy11B.
4 Nuclear statistics and rotational statesTopic 11C Vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules11C.
1 Vibrational motion11C.
2 Infrared spectroscopy11C.
3 Anharmonicity11C.
4 Vibration-rotation spectra11C.
5 Vibrational Raman spectraTopic 11D Vibrational spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules11D.
1 Normal modes11D.
2 Infrared absorption spectra11D.
3 Vibrational Raman spectraTopic 11E Symmetry analysis of vibrational spectra11E.
1 Classification of normal modes according to symmetry11E.
2 Symmetry of vibrational wavefunctionsTopic 11F Electronic spectra11F.
1 Diatomic molecules11F.
2 Polyatomic moleculesTopic 11G Decay of excited states11G.
1 Fluorescence and phosphorescence11G.
2 Dissociation and predissociation11G.
3 LasersFocus
12: Magnetic ResonanceTopic 12A Basic principles12A.
1 Nuclear magnetic resonance12A.
2 Electron paramagnetic resonanceTopic 12B Features of NMR spectra12B.
1 The chemical shift12B.
2 The origin of shielding constants12B.
3 The fine structure12B.
4 Exchange processes12B.
5 Solid-state NMRTopic 12C Pulse techniques in NMR12C.
1 The magnetization vector12C.
2 Spin relaxation12C.
3 Spin decoupling12C.
4 The nuclear Overhauser effectTopic 12D Electron paramagnetic resonance12D.
1 The g-value12D.
2 Hyperfine structureFocus
13: Statistical ThermodynamicsTopic 13A The boltzmann distribution13A.
1 Configurations and weights13A.
2 The relative population of statesTopic 13B Molecular partition functions13B.
1 The significance of the partition function13B.
2 Contributions to the partition functionTopic 13C Molecular energies13C.
1 The basic equations13C.
2 Contributions of the fundamental modes of motionTopic 13D The canonical ensemble13D.
1 The concept of ensemble13D.
2 The mean energy of a system13D.
3 Independent molecules revisited13D.
4 The variation of the energy with volumeTopic 13E The internal energy and the entropy13E.
1 The internal energy13E.
2 The entropyTopic 13F Derived functions13F.
1 The derivations13F.
2 Equilibrium constantsFocus
14: Molecular InteractionsTopic 14A The electric properties of molecules14A.
1 Electric dipole moments14A.
2 Polarizabilities14A.
3 PolarizationTopic 14B Interactions between molecules14B.
1 The interactions of dipoles14B.
2 Hydrogen bonding14B.
3 The total interactionTopic 14C Liquids14C.
1 Molecular interactions in liquids14C.
2 The liquid-vapour interface14C.
3 Surface films14C.
4 CondensationTopic 14D Macromolecules14D.
1 Average molar masses14D.
2 The different levels of structure14D.
3 Random coils14D.
4 Mechanical properties14D.
5 Thermal propertiesTopic 14E Self-assembly14E.
1 Colloids14E.
2 Micelles and biological membranesFocus
15: SolidsTopic 15A Crystal structure15A.
1 Periodic crystal lattices15A.
2 The identification of lattice planesTopic 15B Diffraction techniques15B.
1 X-ray crystallography15B.
2 Neutron and electron diffractionsTopic 15C Bonding in solids15C.
1 Metals15C.
2 Ionic solids15C.
3 Covalent and molecular solidsTopic 15D The mechanical properties of solidsTopic 15E The electrical properties of solids15E.
1 Metallic conductors15E.
2 Insulators and semiconductors15E.
3 SuperconductorsTopic 15F The magnetic properties of solids15F.
1 Magnetic susceptibility15F.
2 Permanent and induced magnetic moments15F.
3 Magnetic properties of superconductorsTopic 15G The optical properties of solids15G.
1 Excitons15G.
2 Metals and semiconductors15G.
3 Nonlinear optical phenomenaFocus
16: Molecules in MotionTopic 16A Transport properties of a perfect gas16A.
1 The phenomenological equations16A.
2 The transport parametersTopic 16B Motion in liquids16B.
1 Experimental results16B.
2 The mobilities of ionsTopic 16C Diffusion16C.
1 The thermodynamic view16C.
2 The diffusion equation16C.
3 The statistical viewFocus
17: Chemical KineticsTopic 17A The rates of chemical reactions17A.
1 Monitoring the progress of a reaction17A.
2 The rates of reactionsTopic 17B Integrated rate laws17B.
1 Zeroth-order reactions17B.
2 First-order reactions17B.
3 Second-order reactionsTopic 17C Reactions approaching equilibrium17C.
1 First-order reactions approaching equilibrium17C.
2 Relaxation methodsTopic 17D The Arrhenius equation17D.
1 The temperature dependence of reaction rates17D.
2 The interpretation of the Arrhenius parametersTopic 17E Reaction mechanisms17E.
1 Elementary reactions17E.
2 Consecutive elementary reactions17E.
3 The steady-state approximation17E.
4 The rate-determining step17E.
5 Pre-equilibria17E.
6 Kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactionsTopic 17F Examples of reaction mechanisms17F.
1 Unimolecular reaction