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Preface 1 The Nature and Properties of Matter 1-1 Matter and Chemistry 1-2 Mass and Energy 1-3 The International System of Units 1-4 Temperature 1-5 Kinds of Matter 1-6 The Physical Properties of Substances 1-7 The Chemical Properties of Substances 1-8 The Scientific Method 2 The Atomic and Molecular Structure of Matter 2-1 "Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws" 2-2 The Atomic Theory 2-3 Modern Methods of Studying Atoms and Molecules 2-4 The Arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal 2-5 The Description of a Crystal Structure 2-6 Crystal Symmetry; the Crystal Systems 2-7 The Molecular Structure of Matter 3 "The Electron, the Nuclei of Atoms, and the Photon" 3-1 The Nature of Electricity 3-2 The Discovery of the Electron 3-3 The Discovery of of X-rays and Radioactivity 3-4 The Nuclei of Atoms 3-5 The Birth of the Quantum Theory 3-6 The Photoelectric Effect and the Photon 3-7 The Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals 3-8 Electron Wave Character and Electron Spin 3-9 What Is Light? What Is an Electron? 3-10 The Uncertainty Principle 4 Elements and Compounds. Atomic and Molecular Masses 4-1 The Chemical Elements 4-2 The Neutron. The Structure of Nuclei 4-3 Chemical Reactions 4-4 Nuclidic Masses and Atomic Weights 4-5 Avogadro''s Number. The Mole 4-6 Examples of Weight-relation Calculations 4-7 Determination of Atomic Weights by Chemical Method 4-8 Determination of Atomic Weights by Use of the Mass Spectrograph 4-9 Determination of Nuclidic Masses by Nuclear Reactions 4-10 The Discovery of the Correct Atomic Weights. Isomorphism 5 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table of the Elements 5-1 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 5-2 Excitation and Ionization Energies 5-3 The Wave-mechanical Description of Atoms 5-4 The Periodic Table of the Elements 5-5 Electron Energy as the Basis of the Periodic Table 5-6 The History of the Periodic Table 6 The Chemical Bond 6-1 The Nature of Covalence 6-2 The Structure of Covalent Compounds 6-3 The Direction of Valence Bonds in Space 6-4 Tetrahedral Bond Orbitals 6-5 Bond Orbitals with Large p Character 6-6 Molecules and Crystals of the Nonmetallic Elements 6-7 Resonance 6-8 Ionic Valence 6-9 The Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds 6-10 The Electronegativity Scale of the Elements 6-11 Heats of Formation and Relative Electronegativity of Atoms 6-12 The Electroneutrality Principle 6-13 The Sizes of Atoms and Molecules. Covalent Radii and van der Waals Radii 6-14 Oxidation Numbers of Atoms 7 The Nonmetallic Elements and Some Their Compounds 7-1 The Elementary Substances 7-2 Hydrides of Nonmetals. Hydrocarbons 7-3 Hydrocarbons Containing Double Bonds and Triple Bonds 7-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Benzene 7-5 Amnonia and Its Compounds 7-6 Other Normal-valence Componds of the Nonmetals 7-7 Some Transargononic Single-bonded Compounds 7-8 The Argonons 8 Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements 8-1 The Oxycompounds of the Halogens 8-2 "Oxycompounds of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurim" 8-3 "Oxycompounds of Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth" 8-4 Oxycompounds of Nitrogen 8-5 Oxycompounds of Carbon 8-6 Molecules containing Bivalent Carbon. Free Radicals 8-7 Unstable and Highly Reactive Molecules 9 Gases: Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics 9-1 The Perfect-gas Equation 9-2 Quantum Mechanics of a Monatomic Gas 9-3 The Wave Equation 9-4 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 9-5 The Distribution Law for Molecular Velocities 9-6 The Boltzmann Distribution Law 9-7 Deviations of Real Gases from Ideal Behavior 10 Chemical Thermodynamics 10-1 Heat and Work. Energy and Enthalpy 10-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 10-3 "Heat Capacity. Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Transition" 10-4 Entropy. The Probable State of an Isolated System 10-5 The Absolute Entropy of a Perfect Gas 10-6 Reversible and Irreversible Changes in State 10-7 The Efficiency of a Heat Engine 10-8 Change in Entropy of Any System with Temperature 10-9 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 10-10 The Heat Capacity of Diatomic Gases 10-11 Quantum States of the Rigid Rotator 10-12 The Rotational Entropy of Diatomic Gases 10-13 Quantum States of the Harmonic Oscillator 10-14 Vibrational States of Diatomic Molecules 10-15 "Energy, Heat Capacity, and Entropy of a Harmonic Oscillator" 10-16 The Quantum Theory of Low-temperature Heat Capacity of Crystals 11 Chemical Equilibrium 11-1 The Thermodynamic Conditon for Chemical Equilibrium 11-2 The Vapor Pressure of a Liquid or Crystal 11-3 "Entropy of Transition, Fusion, and Vaporization" 11-4 Van der Waals Forces. Melting Points and Boiling Points 11-5 Chemical Equilibrium in Gases 11-6 Change of Equilibrium with Temperature 11-7 Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems 11-8 Le Chatelier''s Principle 11-9 The Phase Rule-a Method of Classifying All Systems in Equilibrium 11-10 The Conditions under Which a Reaction Proceeds to Completion 12 Water 12-1 The Composition of Water 12-2 The Water Molecule 12-3 The Properties of Water 12-4 The Hydrogen Bond-the Cause of the Unusual Properties of Water 12-5 The Entropy of Ice 12-6 The Importance of Water as an Electrolytic Solvent 12-7 Heavy Water 12-8 Deviation of Water and Some Other Liquids from Hildebrand''s Rule 12-9 The Dense Forms of Ice 12-10 The Phase Diagram of Water 13 The Properties of Solutions 13-1 Types of Solutions. Nomenclature 13-2 Solubility 13-3 The Dependence of Solubility on the Nature of Solute and Solvent 13-4 Solubility of Salts and Hydroxides 13-5 The Solubility-Product Principle 13-6 The Solubility of Gases in Liquids: Henry''s Law 13-7 The Freezing Point and Boiling Point of Solution 13-8 The Vapor Pressure of Solutions: Raoult''s Law 13-9 The Osmotic Pressure of Solutions 13-10 The Escaping Tendency and the Chemical Potential 13-11 The Properties of Ionic Solutions 13-12 Colloidal Solutions 14 Acids and Bases 14-1 Hydronium-ion (Hydrogen-ion) Concentration 14-2 The Equilibrium between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion in Aqueous Solution 14-3 Indicators 14-4 Equivalent Weights of Acids and Bases 14-5 Week Acids and Bases 14-6 The Titration of Weak Acids and Bases 14-7 Buffered Solutions 14-8 The Strengths of the Oxygen Acids 14-9 The Solution of Carbonates in Acid; Hard Water 14-10 The Precipitation of Sulfides 14-11 Nonaqueous Amphiprotic Solvents 15 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Electrolysis 15-1 The Electrolytic Decomposition of Molten Salts 15-2 The Electrolysis of and Aqueous Salt Solution 15-3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 15-4 Quantitative Relations in Electrolysis 15-5 The Electromotive-force Series of the Elements 15-6 Equilibrium Constants for Oxidation-Reduction Couples 15-7 The Dependence of the Elctomotive Force of Cells on Concentration 15-8 Primary Cells and Storage Cells 15-9 Electrolytic Production of Elements 15-10 The Reduction of Ores. Metallurgy 16 The Rate of Chemical Reactions 16-1 Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions 16-2 The Rate of a First-order Reaction at Constant Temperature 16-3 Reactions of Higher Order 16-4 Mechanism of Reactions. Dependence of Reaction Rate on Temperature 16-5 Catalysis 16-6 Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions 16-7 Chain Reactions 17 The Nature of Metals and Alloys 17-1 The Metallic Elements 17-2 The Structure of Metals 17-3 The Nature of the Transition Metals 17-4 The Metallic State 17-5 Metallic Valence 17-6 The Free-electron Theory of Metals 17-7 The Nature of Alloys 17-8 Experimental Methods of Studying Alloys 17-9 Interstitial Solid Solutions and Substitutional Solid Solutions 17-10 Physical Metallurgy 18 "Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Silicon and Their Congeners" 18-1 "The Electronic Structures of Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Silicon and Their Congeners" 18-2 "Radius Ratio, Ligancy, and the Properties of Substances" 18-3 The Alkali Metals and Their Compounds 18-4 The Alkaline-earth Metals and Their Compounds 18-5 Boron 18-6 "The Boranes, Electron-deficient Substances" 18-7 Aluminum and Its Congeners 18-8 Silicon and Its Simpler Compounds 18-9 Silicon Dioxide 18-10 Sodium Silicate and other Silicates 18-11 The Silicate Minerals 18-12 Glass 18-13 Cement 18-14 The Silicones 18-15 Germanium 18-16 Tin 18-17 Lead 19 Inorganic Complexes and the Chemistry of the Transiton Metals 19-1 The Nature of Inorganic Complexes 19-2 "Tetrahedral, Octahedral, and Square Bond Orbitals" 19-3 Ammonia Complexes 19-4 Cyanide Complexes 19-5 Complex Halides and Other Complex Ions 19-6 Hydroxide Complexes 19-7 Sulfide Complexes 19-8 The Quantitive Treatment of Complex Formation 19-9 Polydentate Complexing Agents 19-10 The Structure and Stability of Carbonyls and Other Covalent Complexes of the Transition Metals 19-11 Polynuclear Complexes 20 "Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and the Platinum Metals" 20-1 "The Electronic Structures and Oxidation States of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and