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Preface xii List of Contributors xiv List of Reviewers xvii 1 Ecologically Based Weed Management (EbWM): Enabling and Reinforcing the Approach 1 Leguizamon Eduardo S., Royo-Esnal Aritz, and Torra Joel
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Basis for a Sucessful Ecologically Based Weed Management Approach 2
1.2 Enabling and Reinforcing EbWM Principles in All Crop Production Systems 3
1.3 Projects / Experiments Where EwBM Principles Are Being Tested 8
1.4 Concluding Remarks 9 2 Ecologically Based Weed Management: Implications and Agroecosystem Services 13 Nicholas E. Korres
2.0 Introduction 13
2.1 Agro- and Natural Ecosystem Services 14
2.2 Do Weed Management Practices Negatively Affect Ecosystem Services? 15
2.3 Weed Management Practices that Enhance Ecological Services 18
2.4 Conclusions 19 3 Climate Change and Ecologically Based Weed Management 23 Adusumilli Narayana Rao (A.N. Rao) and Nicholas E. Korres
3.0 Introduction 23
3.1 Climate Change and Weeds 24
3.2 Climate Change and Weed Management 29
3.3 Ecologically Based Weed Management 30
3.4 Managing Weed Soil Seedbank Using Preventive Measures 30
3.5 Application of Principles of Conservation Agriculture for EWM 31
3.6 Crop Competitiveness 34
3.7 Soil Solarization 35
3.8 Mechanical Weed Management 35
3.9 Biocontrol 35
3.10 Herbicide Use and EWM 36
3.11 Conclusions 36 4 The Ecological Base of Nonchemical Weed Control 49 Iraj Nosratti and Bhagirath S. Chauhan
4.0 Introduction 49
4.1 Physical Weed Control 50
4.2 Soil Tillage 52
4.3 Thermal Weed Control 58
4.4 Mulching 58
4.5 Biological Weed Control 59
4.6 Allelopathy 60
4.7 Cultural Weed Control 61
4.8 Crop Diversification for Weed Management 62
4.9 Conclusions 65 5 The Underestimated Role of Cultural Practices in Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches 75 Ilias Travlos, Ioannis Gazoulis, Milena Simic, Panagiotis Kanatas, and Ioannis Gazoulis
5.0 Introduction 75
5.1 Role of Crop Diversification in Ecologically Based Weed Management 76
5.2 Role of Crop Competition in Ecologically Based Weed Management 79
5.3 Role of Sowing Timing in Ecologically Based Weed Management 84
5.4 Role of Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Weed Management 85
5.5 Conclusions 85 6 The Role of Agri-Chemical Industry on Ecologically Based Weed Management 93 Vasileios P. Vasileiadis, Vijay K. Varanasi, Parminder Chahal, and Nicholas E. Korres
6.0 Introduction 93
6.1 Herbicide Resistance 93
6.2 Climate Change 94
6.3 Environmentally Sound Weed Control Approaches 94
6.4 Environmentally Friendly Industry Initiatives 95 7 Ecologically Based Weed Management to Support Pollination and Biological Pest Control 101 Vaya Kati and Filitsa Karamaouna
7.0 Introduction 101
7.1 Weed-Insect Interactions 102
7.2 Weed Management to Support Pollination and Biological Control 104
7.3 Challenges for Implementation of Ecological Weed Management in Practice 110
7.4 Conclusions 111 8 Use of Arthropods for Ecologically Based Weed Management in Agriculture 119 Michael D. Day, Arne B. R. Witt, and Rachel L. Winston
8.0 Introduction 119
8.1 Weed Biological Control in Agriculture 121
8.2 Biological Control in Cropping Systems 122
8.3 Biological Control in Grazing Lands 124
8.4 Biological Control in Plantations and Agroforestry Systems 126
8.5 Biological Control in Aquatic Systems 129
8.6 Benefits of Biological Control 131
8.7 Conclusions 132 9 Ecologically Based Weed Management: Bioherbicides, Nanotechnology, Heat, and Microbially Mediated Soil Disinfestation 139 Raghavan Charudattan, Susan M. Boyetchko, Erin N. Rosskopf, Kaydene T. Williams, Andrea Monroy Borrego, and Nicole F. Steinmetz
9.0 Biological Control of Weeds by Using Plant Pathogens 139
9.1 A Critical Assessment of the Role of Plant Pathogens in Weed Management 140
9.2 Expectations for the Future of Bioherbicides 147
9.3 Nonchemical Soil Disinfestation 150
9.4 Use of Nanocarriers to Deliver Active Ingredients (a.i) 157
9.5 Summary 161 10 Mechanisms of Weed Suppression by Cover Crops, Intercrops, and Mulches 172 Richard G. Smith, Natalie P. Lounsbury, and Samuel A. Palmer
10.0 Introduction 172
10.1 Traditional View of the Weed Seedbank 173
10.2 Alternative View of the Weed Seedbank and the Fate of Weeds 174
10.3 Mechanisms of Weed Suppression by Cover Crops, Intercrops, and Mulches 175
10.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 185 11 Soil Seedbank from an Ecological Perspective 196 Lauren M. Schwartz-Lazaro and Karla L. Gage
11.0 Introduction 196
11.1 The Soil Seedbank 196
11.2 Contributions to the Soil Seedbank 200
11.3 Reducing the Soil Seedbank 203
11.4 Managing the Soil Seedbank 206
11.5 Seedbank Response to Best Management Practices 212
11.6 Conclusions 213 12 The Role and Relationship of Tillage Systems with Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches 225 Thomas Gitsopoulos and Ioannis Vasilakoglou
12.0 Introduction 225
12.1 Tillage Systems 226
12.2 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches and Tillage Systems 227
12.3 Herbicide Efficacy, Herbicide Resistance, and Organic Farming 239
12.4 Conclusions 239 13 Ecologically Based Weed Management in Vegetable Crops 248 Matthias Schumacher, Michael Spaeth, Georg Naruhn, David Reiser, Miriam Messelhäuser, Rosa Witty, Roland Gerhards, and Gerassimos Peteinatos
13.0 Introduction 248
13.1 Cultural Methods 250
13.2 Preventive Methods 251
13.4 Conclusion and Outlook 255 14 Ecological Weed Management in Row Crops 261 Stevan Z. Knezevic
14.0 Introduction 261
14.1 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) in Row Crops 262
14.2 Making a Weed Control Decision 265
14.3 Computer-Based Models and Decision Support Systems 266
14.4 Documentation and Record Keeping 267
14.5 Ecologically Based Weed Management in Row Crops- Final Thoughts 267 15 Practical Vegetable and Specialty Crop Weed Management Systems 270 Katie Jennings and Steve Fennimore
15.0 Introduction 270
15.1 What Is Ecologically Based Weed Management in Specialty Crops? 270
15.2 Unique Challenges for Vegetables and Other Specialty Crops 271
15.3 Compatibility of Specialty Crops with Ecologically Based Weed Management 272
15.4 Chemical Methods of Weed Control in Specialty Crops 280
15.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research 280 16 The Need of Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Orchard Crops 286 Victor Martins Maia, Ignacio Aspiazú, Leandro Galon, Clevison Luiz Giacobbo, Germani Concenço, Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, Evander Alves Ferreira, and George Andrade Sodré
16.0 Introduction 286
16.1 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Fruit Crops Species Grown in Tropical and Subtropical Environments 287
16.2 Tropical Fruit Crop Species 288
16.3 Subtropical Fruit Crop Species 290
16.4 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Temperate Fruit Crops Species Growing in Tropical and Subtropical Environments 291
16.5 Conclusions 295 17 Application of Ecologically Based Weed Management in Pastures 299 Jonathan W. McLachlan and Brian M. Sindel
17.0 Introduction 299
17.1 Ecology of Pasture Systems 300
17.2 Impacts of Weeds in Pastures 303
17.3 Weed Management Principles for Pastures 304
17.4 Application of Weed Management Principles 306
17.5 Future Perspectives 309
17.6 Conclusions 309 Index 313