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Foreword xi Michel GRÉGOIRE
Chapter 1 The Earth's Mantle: Phase Diagrams and Mineralogical Composition 1 Jean-Philippe PERRILLAT
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Phase relationships: experiments and models 2
1.3 Minerals in the Earth's mantle 7
1.4 Phase diagrams of ultra basic rocks, seismic discontinuities and mantle dynamics 17
1.5 Phase diagram of subducted basalts and fate of plates in the deep mantle 21
1.6 D" zone and bridgmanite-post-perovskite transition 23
1.7 Conclusion 24
1.8 References 25
Chapter 2 Seismology of the Earth's Mantle 33 Stéphanie DURAND, Benoît TAUZIN and Éric DEBAYLE
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 The architecture of the mantle: seismic discontinuities 39
2.3 The drapery: three-dimensional variations of seismic velocities 52
2.4 Mantle flow and partial melting: seismic anisotropy and attenuation 61
2.5 References 68
Chapter 3 The Deep Hydrogen Cycle 83 Nathalie BOLFAN-CASANOVA and Bertrand MOINE
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 The origin of terrestrial water 84
3.4 Hydrothermal weathering on the ocean floor 101
3.5 References 107
Chapter 4 The Role of Volatile CO2 -H2O Species in the Melting of the Earth's Mantle 115 Malcolm MASSUYEAU and Tahar HAMMOUDA
4.1 Presence and storage of carbon and hydrogen in the upper mantle 116
4.2 Effects of CO2 and H2O on melting temperatures in the Earth's peridotitic mantle 118
4.3 Composition of mantle magmas in the presence of CO2 and H2O 125
4.4 Impact of CO2 and H2O on the mantle's geophysical signatures 133
4.5 References 135
Chapter 5 Oxygen Fugacity in the Mantle 147 Alan B. WOODLAND
5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 Equilibria with iron oxides 147
5.3 The significance of oxygen fugacity 151
5.4 The fO2 importance for processes in the Earth's interior 154
5.5 Determining the fO2 content of a rock 164
5.6 The fO2 of the upper mantle (lithospheric) 169
5.7 Redox conditions in the deep mantle 178
5.8 A final word 181
5.9 References 182
Chapter 6 Elasticity and Composition of the Earth's Mantle 193 Tiziana BOFFA-BALLARAN
6.1 Elasticity 194
6.2 Elastic waves 203
6.3 Polycrystalline materials 206
6.4 Experimental techniques 208
6.5 Models of the Earth's interior 212
6.6 References 216
Chapter 7 Earth's Mantle Rheology 221 Sylvie DEMOUCHY and Patrick CORDIER
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 Ductile deformation: mechanisms 223
7.3 Observables 231
7.4 Methodological approaches 233
7.5 Deformation in the upper mantle 237
7.6 Deformation in the mantle transition zone 240
7.7 Deformation in the lower mantle 242
7.8 Conclusion 244
7.9 References 245
Chapter 8 Laboratory Measurements of Electrical Conductivity and their Applications to Planetary Interiors 249 Geeth MANTHILAKE
8.1 Theoretical background 249
8.2 Laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity 251
8.3 Laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity 255
8.4 Electrical conductivity of a composite medium 257
8.5 Factors affecting the electrical conductivity of planetary materials 258
8.6 The modeling of electrical conductivity data for planetary applications 265
8.7 References 273 List of Authors 279 Index 281