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How to Use This Book;Preface; A Book for Browsing; Like an Almanac; Like a News Magazine; Like a Hypertext Database; Programs on the Web; About Unix Versions; Cross-References; What''s New in the Third Edition; Typefaces and Other Conventions; The Authors; The Fine Print; Request for Comments; Acknowledgments for the First Edition; Acknowledgments for the Second Edition; Acknowledgments for the Third Edition;
Part I: Basic Unix Environment;
Chapter 1: Introduction;
1.1 What''s Special About Unix?;
1.2 Power Grows on You;
1.3 The Core of Unix;
1.4 Communication with Unix;
1.5 Programs Are Designed to Work Together;
1.6 There Are Many Shells;
1.7 Which Shell Am I Running?;
1.8 Anyone Can Program the Shell;
1.9 Internal and External Commands;
1.10 The Kernel and Daemons;
1.11 Filenames;
1.12 Filename Extensions;
1.13 Wildcards;
1.14 The Tree Structure of the Filesystem;
1.15 Your Home Directory;
1.16 Making Pathnames;
1.17 File Access Permissions;
1.18 The Superuser (Root);
1.19 When Is a File Not a File?;
1.20 Scripting;
1.21 Unix Networking and Communications;
1.22 The X Window System;
Chapter 2: Getting Help;
2.1 The man Command;
2.2 whatis: One-Line Command Summaries;
2.3 whereis: Finding Where a Command Is Located;
2.4 Searching Online Manual Pages;
2.5 How Unix Systems Remember Their Names;
2.6 Which Version Am I Using?;
2.7 What tty Am I On?;
2.8 Who''s On?;
2.9 The info Command;
Part II: Customizing Your Environment;
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Unix Shell;
3.1 What Happens When You Log In;
3.2 The Mac OS X Terminal Application;
3.3 Shell Setup Files -- Which, Where, and Why;
3.4 Login Shells, Interactive Shells;
3.5 What Goes in Shell Setup Files?;
3.6 Tip for Changing Account Setup: Keep a Shell Ready;
3.7 Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files;
3.8 Setup Files Aren''t Read When You Want?;
3.9 Gotchas in set prompt Test;
3.10 Automatic Setups for Different Terminals;
3.11 Terminal Setup: Testing TERM;
3.12 Terminal Setup: Testing Remote Hostname and X Display;
3.13 Terminal Setup: Testing Port;
3.14 Terminal Setup: Testing Environment Variables;
3.15 Terminal Setup: Searching Terminal Table;
3.16 Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size;
3.17 Terminal Setup: Setting and Testing Window Name;
3.18 A
.cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup;
3.19 Making a "Login" Shell;
3.20 RC Files;
3.21 Make Your Own Manpages Without Learning troff;
3.22 Writing a Simple Manpage with the -man Macros;
Chapter 4: Interacting with Your Environment;
4.1 Basics of Setting the Prompt;
4.2 Static Prompts;
4.3 Dynamic Prompts;
4.4 Simulating Dynamic Prompts;
4.5 C-Shell Prompt Causes Problems in vi, rsh, etc.;
4.6 Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins;
4.7 Multiline Shell Prompts;
4.8 Session Info in Window Title or Status Line;
4.9 A "Menu Prompt" for Naive Users;
4.10 Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts;
4.11 Right-Side Prompts;
4.12 Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL;
4.13 What Good Is a Blank Shell Prompt?;
4.14 dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd;
4.15 External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables;
4.16 Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands;
4.17 Running Commands When You Log Out;
4.18 Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout;
4.19 Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts;
Chapter 5: Getting the Most out of Terminals, xterm, and X Windows;
5.1 There''s a Lot to Know About Terminals;
5.2 The Idea of a Terminal Database;
5.3 Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In;
5.4 Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm;
5.5 Querying Your xterm Size: resize;
5.6 Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In;
5.7 Find Out Terminal Settings with stty;
5.8 Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters;
5.9 Working with xterm and Friends;
5.10 Login xterms and rxvts;
5.11 Working with Scrollbars;
5.12 How Many Lines to Save?;
5.13 Simple Copy and Paste in xterm;
5.14 Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes;
5.15 Setting the Titlebar and Icon Text;
5.16 The Simple Way to Pick a Font;
5.17 The xterm Menus;
5.18 Changing Fonts Dynamically;
5.19 Working with xclipboard;
5.20 Problems with Large Selections;
5.21 Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows;
5.22 Running a Single Command with xterm -e;
5.23 Don''t Quote Arguments to xterm -e;
Chapter 6: Your X Environment;
6.1 Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap;
6.2 Using xev to Learn Keysym Mappings;
6.3 X Resource Syntax;
6.4 X Event Translations;
6.5 Setting X Resources: Overview;
6.6 Setting Resources with the -xrm Option;
6.7 How -name Affects Resources;
6.8 Setting Resources with xrdb;
6.9 Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres;
6.10 Starting Remote X Clients;
Part III: Working with Files and Directories;
Chapter 7: Directory Organization;
7.1 What? Me, Organized?;
7.2 Many Homes;
7.3 Access to Directories;
7.4 A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts;
7.5 Private (Personal) Directories;
7.6 Naming Files;
7.7 Make More Directories!;
7.8 Making Directories Made Easier;
Chapter 8: Directories and Files;
8.1 Everything but the find Command;
8.2 The Three Unix File Times;
8.3 Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u;
8.4 List All Subdirectories with ls -R;
8.5 The ls -d Option;
8.6 Color ls;
8.7 Some GNU ls Features;
8.8 A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files;
8.9 Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a;
8.10 Useful ls Aliases;
8.11 Can''t Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name;
8.12 Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames;
8.13 Counting Files by Types;
8.14 Listing Files by Age and Size;
8.15 newer: Print the Name of the Newest File;
8.16 oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links;
8.17 Picking a Unique Filename Automatically;
Chapter 9: Finding Files with find;
9.1 How to Use find;
9.2 Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree;
9.3 Don''t Forget -print;
9.4 Looking for Files with Particular Names;
9.5 Searching for Old Files;
9.6 Be an Expert on find Search Operators;
9.7 The Times That find Finds;
9.8 Exact File-Time Comparisons;
9.9 Running Commands on What You Find;
9.10 Using -exec to Create Custom Tests;
9.11 Custom -exec Tests Applied;
9.12 Finding Many Things with One Command;
9.13 Searching for Files by Type;
9.14 Searching for Files by Size;
9.15 Searching for Files by Permission;
9.16 Searching by Owner and Group;
9.17 Duplicating a Directory Tree;
9.18 Using "Fast find" Databases;
9.19 Wildcards with "Fast find" Database;
9.20 Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database;
9.21 grepping a Directory Tree;
9.22 lookfor: Which File Has That Word?;
9.23 Using Shell Arrays to Browse Directories;
9.24 Finding the (Hard) Links to a File;
9.25 Finding Files with -prune;
9.26 Quick finds in the Current Directory;
9.27 Skipping Parts of a Tree in find;
9.28 Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem;
Chapter 10: Linking, Renaming, and Copying Files;
10.1 What''s So Complicated About Copying Files;
10.2 What''s Really in a Directory?;
10.3 Files with Two or More Names;
10.4 More About Links;
10.5 Creating and Removing Links;
10.6 Stale Symbolic Links;
10.7 Linking Directories;
10.8 Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links;
10.9 Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files;
10.10 Renaming a List of Files Interactively;
10.11 One More Way to Do It;
10.12 Copying Directory Trees with cp -r;
10.13 Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes;
Chapter 11: Comparing Files;
11.1 Checking Differences with diff;
11.2 Comparing Three Different Versions with diff3;
11.3 Context diffs;
11.4 Side-by-Side diffs: sdiff;
11.5 Choosing Sides with sdiff;
11.6 Problems with diff and Tabstops;
11.7 cmp and diff;
11.8 Comparing Two Files with comm;
11.9 More Friendly comm Output;
11.10 make Isn''t Just for Programmers!;
11.11 Even More Uses for make;
Chapter 12: Showing What''s in a File;
12.1 Cracking the Nut;
12.2 What Good Is a cat?;
12.3 "less" is More;
12.4 Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c;
12.5 What''s in That Whitespace?;
12.6 Finding File Types;
12.7 Squash Extra Blank Lines;
12.8 How to Look at the End of a File: tail;
12.9 Finer Control on tail;
12.10 How to Look at Files as They Grow;
12.11 GNU tail File Following;
12.12 Printing the Top of a File;
12.13 Numbering Lines;
Chapter 13: Searching Through Files;
13.1 Different Versions of grep;
13.2 Searching for Text with grep;
13.3 Finding Text That Doesn''t Match;
13.4 Extended Searching for Text with egrep;
13.5 grepping for a List of Patterns;
13.6 Approximate grep: agrep;
13.7 Search RCS Files with rcsgrep;
13.8 GNU Context greps;
13.9 A Multiline Context grep Using sed;
13.10 Compound Searches;
13.11 Narrowing a Search Quickly;
13.12 Faking Case-Insensitive Searches;
13.13 Finding a Character in a Column;
13.14 Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look";
13.15 Finding Words Inside Binary Files;
13.16 A Highlighting grep;
Chapter 14: Removing Files;
14.1 The Cycle of Creation and Destruction;
14.2 How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes;
14.3 rm and Its Dangers;
14.4 Tricks for Making rm Safer;
14.5 Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes;
14.6 Remove Some, Leave Some;
14.7 A Faster Way to Remove Files Interactively;
14.8 Safer File Deletion in Some Directories;
14.9 Safe Delete: Pros and Cons;
14.10 Deletion with Prejudice: rm -f;
14.11 Deleting Files with Odd Names;
14.12 Using Wildcards to Delete Files with Strange Names;
14.13 Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (-);
14.14 Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name;
14.15 Removing a Strange File by its i-number;
14.16 Problems Deleting Directories;
14.17 Deleting Stale Files;
14.18 Removing Every File but One;
14.19 Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files;
Chapter 15: Optimizing Disk Space;
15.1 Disk Space Is Cheap;
15.2 Instead of Removing a File, Empty It;
15.3 Save Space with "Bit Bucket" Log Files and Mailboxes;
15.4 Save Space with a Link;
15.5 Limiting File Sizes;
15.6 Compressing Files to Save Space;
15.7 Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree;
15.8 How Much Disk Space?;
15.9 Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning;
15.10 Save Space in Executable Files with strip;
15.11 Disk Quotas;Pa