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Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Editor xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning 1 I. Introduction 1 II. Organization of This Handbook.2 III. The Transportation Planning Process 3 IV. Changing Context for Transportation Planning 12 V. Additional Sources of Information 14 VI. Summary.15 VII. References 16
Chapter 2: Travel Characteristics and Data 17 I. Introduction 17 II. Transportation System Characteristics 17 III. Urban Travel Characteristics 26 IV. Estimating Travel Characteristics and Volumes 35 V. Modal Studies61 VI. Statistical Considerations 67 VII. Summary.71 VIII. References 71
Chapter 3: Land Use and Urban Design 75 I. Introduction 75 II. What Drives Development and Resulting Urban Form? 76 III. Urban Form 88 IV. Urban Design 90 V. Land-Use Forecasting and Transportation Planning 95 VI. Scenario Analysis for Urban Form 103 VII. Highway Facility-Related Strategies 104 VIII. Summary 110 IX. References 111
Chapter 4: Environmental Considerations 117 I. Introduction 117 II. Environmental Considerations in Transportation Planning and Decision Making 117 III. General Principles Regarding Environmental Content and Level of Detail 130 IV. Land Use and Economic Development Impacts133 V. Social and Community Impacts 139 VI. Natural Resource Impacts 146 VII. Construction Impacts 158 VIII. Considering Mitigation Strategies during the Systems Planning Process 159 IX. Summary 160 X. References 160
Chapter 5: Transportation Finance and Funding 165 I. Introduction 165 II. Key Concepts and Terms 166 III. Sources of Transportation Funding 167 IV. Transportation Finance Strategies 175 V. Public/Private Partnerships 178 VI. Investment Programming and Revenue Estimation 182 VII. Environmental Justice Analysis 197 VIII. Future Challenges 199 IX. Summary 200 X. References 200
Chapter 6: Travel Demand and Network Modeling 205 I. Introduction 205 II. Modeling Travel Demand 205 III. Demand Models and Tools 214 IV. Summary 233 V. References 233
Chapter 7: Evaluation and Prioritization Methods 237 I. Introduction 237 II. Characteristics of the Evaluation Process 237 III. Case Studies 266 IV. Summary 275 V. References 277
Chapter 8: Asset Management 281 I. Introduction 281 II. What Is Transportation Asset Management? 282 III. Recent U.S. History of Transportation Asset Management 284 IV. Asset Management and Transportation Planning 291 V. Asset Management Challenges and Opportunities 311 VI. Summary 312 VII. References 312
Chapter 9: Road and Highway Planning 317 I. Introduction 317 II. Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems 318 III. Context-Sensitive Solutions (CSS) 323 IV. Traffic Calming.324 V. Green Roads 328 VI. Complete Streets 330 VII. System Performance and Capacity Measures 333 VIII. Condition Measures and Management Systems 338 IX. State Highway Plans and City Thoroughfare Plans 342 X. Road Investment Programs and Performance Monitoring 348 XI. Summary 350 XII. References 350
Chapter 10: Transportation System Management and Operations 355 I. Introduction 355 II. Understanding Network and Facility Performance 357 III. Planning and Organizing for TSM&O 361 IV. Active Transportation and Demand Management 366 V. Examples of Management and Operations (M&O) Strategies 368 VI. Linking Transportation Planning and Planning for Operations 381 VII. Dissemination of Operations Data 400 VIII. The Connected Transportation System 400 IX. Summary 405 X. References 406
Chapter 11: Planning For Parking 411 I. Introduction 411 II. Parking Management Organizations 412 III. Zoning Requirements 413 IV. Strategies and Decisions for Parking Supply Options 419 V. Parking Management 428 VI. Parking Demand and Needs Analysis 435 VII. Common Land Uses 450 VIII. Shared Parking Methodology 465 IX. Parking Costs 468 X. Financing Parking Facilities 477 XI. Summary 480 XII. References 481
Chapter 12: Transit Planning 485 I. Introduction 485 II. Ownership and Governance 486 III. Contemporary Transit in North America 488 IV. Classification of Transit Modes and Their Components 491 V. Transit Cost Structures 517 VI. System Performance and Quality of Service 519 VII. Transit Planning Procedures 526 VIII. Planning for Passenger Stations 534 IX. Station Design 543 X. Lines and Networks 563 XI. Transit Route Planning 569 XII. Future Transit Issues 573 XIII. Summary 576 XIV. References 576
Chapter 13: Planning For Pedestrians and Bicyclists 581 I. Introduction 581 II. Goals and Benchmarks for Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning 582 III. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety 583 IV. Evolution of Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning in the United States 585 V. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Planning 591 VI. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Planning/Design Issues 616 VII. Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation in Asia and Europe 632 VIII. Summary 634 IX. References 634
Chapter 14: Travel Demand Management 641 I. Introduction 641 II. TDM Goals, Objectives, and Performance Measures 644 III. TDM Strategies 646 IV. Potential Impacts of TDM Strategies 667 V. Data, Model Use, and Results 668 VI. Summary 672 VII. References 677
Chapter 15: Statewide Transportation Planning
. 681 I. Introduction 681 II. The Role of the Federal Government 682 III. Statewide Transportation Planning 685 IV. Statewide Modal Plans723 V. Summary--Continuing State Planning Challenges 725 VI. References 727
Chapter 16: Metropolitan Transportation Planning 729 I. Introduction 729 II. Legislative Context for U.S. Metropolitan Transportation Planning 729 III. Institutional Structure for Metropolitan Transportation Planning 735 IV. The Transportation Planning Process 739 V. Monitoring System and Program Performance 762 VI. Public Engagement 762 VII. Special Topics for Metropolitan Transportation Planning 768 VIII. Summary 774 IX. References 775
Chapter 17: Corridor Planning 783 I. Introduction 783 II. Nature of Corridor Transportation Planning 783 III. Corridor Selection 796 IV. Corridor Planning Approach 798 V. Corridor Management Plans 832 VI. Summary 836 VII. References 837
Chapter 18: Local and Activity Center Planning 841 I. Introduction 841 II. Local Transportation Planning 842 III. Activity Centers 863 IV. Implementation of Transportation Plans 886 V. Summary 887 VI. References 887
Chapter 19: Site Planning and Impact Analysis 891 I. Introduction 891 II. Administrative Requirements 893 III. Definition of Key Terms 896 IV. Site Plan Review Data 897 V. Transportation Access and Impact Analysis 899 VI. Analysis Procedures 915 VII. On-Site Transportation Elements 931 VIII. Implementation Actions/Strategies 936 IX. Report Organization 938 X. Summary 939 XI. References 941
Chapter 20: Rural Community and Tribal Nation Planning 945 I. Introduction 945 II. Rural Transportation Planning 946 III. Tribal Nations 959 IV. Summary 971 V. References 972
Chapter 21: Recreational Areas 975 I. Introduction 975 II. Characteristics of Recreational Travel975 III. Characteristics of Transportation Systems Serving Recreational Areas 977 IV. Transportation-Related Characteristics of Visitors to Recreational Areas 983 V. Transportation Planning for Recreational Areas 984 VI. Need for Information and Communication 1008 VII. Summary 1009 VIII. References.1010
Chapter 22: Integrating Freight Into The Transportation Planning Process 1013 I. Introduction 1013 II. Overview of Domestic Freight Flows 1013 III. Impact of Freight Flows on the Community, Freight Sector, and Transportation System 1017 IV. Freight Planning 1027 V. Freight Terminals 1059 VI. Summary 1063 VII. References 1065
Chapter 23: Planning It Safe--Safety Considerations In The Transportation Planning Process 1069 I. Introduction 1069 II. U.S. National Statistics 1070 III. Institutional and Policy Structure in the United States 1073 IV. Laying the Groundwork for Transportation Safety Planning 1079 V. Incorporating Safety into Transportation Planning 1080 VI. The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) 1104 VII. Relationship between Transportation Safety Planning and Strategic Highway Safety Planning 1105 VIII. Lessons from the International Community 1105 IX. Summary 1107 X. References 1108
Chapter 24: Public Participation and Engagement 1111