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The Human Microbiota and Chronic Disease: Dysbiosis as a Cause of Human Pathology Vital Source e-bog
Luigi Nibali og Brian Henderson
(2016)
John Wiley & Sons
1.613,00 kr.
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The Human Microbiota and Chronic Disease
Dysbiosis As a Cause of Human Pathology
Luigi Nibali og Brian Henderson
(2016)
Sprog: Engelsk
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
1.662,00 kr.
Print on demand. Leveringstid vil være ca 2-3 uger.
Detaljer om varen
- 1. Udgave
- Vital Source searchable e-book (Reflowable pages)
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons (August 2016)
- Forfattere: Luigi Nibali og Brian Henderson
- ISBN: 9781118982891
Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease. The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states. Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity – periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major ‘idiopathic’ diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position. Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.
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Copy: højest 2 sider i alt kan kopieres (copy/paste)
Detaljer om varen
- Hardback: 544 sider
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated (Oktober 2016)
- Forfattere: Luigi Nibali og Brian Henderson
- ISBN: 9781118982877
Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease.
The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states.
Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity - periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major 'idiopathic' diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position.
- Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota
- Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition
- Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease
- Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease
Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.
About the Authors
Luigi Nibali is a Senior Clinical Lecturer in the Clinical Oral Research Centre, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University London in London, UK.
Brian Henderson is a Professor of Microbial Diseases in the School of Life and Medical Sciences at University College London in London, UK.
List of contributors xvii Preface xxi Section 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome 1 1 The human microbiota: an historical perspective 3 Michael Wilson
1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care? 3
1.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease 3
1.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota 8
1.4 Cultureindependent approaches to microbial community analysis 29
1.5 Determination of microbial community functions 31
1.6 Closing remarks 32 Takehome message 32 References 33 2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis 37 Mike Curtis
2.1 Definition of dysbiosis 37
2.2 The ''normal'' microbiota 38
2.3 Main features of dysbiosis 45
2.4 Conclusions 49 Takehome message 53 Acknowledgment 53 References 53 3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system 55 Hervé M. Blottière and Joël Doré
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Who is there how is it composed? 56
3.3 A system in interaction with food 58
3.4 A system highly impacted by the host 61
3.5 A system in interaction with human cells 62
3.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study 63 Takehome message 63 References 63 4 The oral microbiota 67 William G. Wade
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Composition of the oral microbiome 68
4.3 The oral microbiota in health 71
4.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease 73
4.5 Future outlook 75 Takehome message 75 References 76 5 The skin microbiota 81 Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen and Joost Schalkwijk
5.1 Normal skin 81
5.2 Skin diseases 83
5.3 Experimental studies 87
5.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome 87
5.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation 89
5.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies 89
5.7 Concluding remarks 90 Takehome message 90 References 90 6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome 95 Luis G. BermúdezHumarán
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 The human microbiome 96
6.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles 97
6.4 The human microbiome and the environment 98
6.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome 99
6.6 Conclusions 105 Takehome message 105 References 106 Section 2 Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease 113 7 Systems biology of bacteriahost interactions 115 Almut Heinken Dmitry A. Ravcheev and Ines Thiele
7.1 Introduction 115
7.2 Computational analysis of hostmicrobe interactions 118
7.3 Networkbased modeling 121
7.4 Other computational modeling approaches 127
7.5 Conclusion 129 Takehome message 130 Acknowledgments 130 References 131 8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms 139 Jessica Snowden
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Biofilms in human disease 139
8.3 Biofilm formation 141
8.4 Immune responses to biofilms 143
8.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies 147
8.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics 148
8.7 Conclusions 149 Takehome message 149 References 150 9 Coevolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences for modernday life 155 Markus B. Geuking
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution 156
9.3 Evolution of the (innate and adaptive) immune system 157
9.4 Hygiene hypothesis 159
9.5 What drives the composition of the microbiota? 160
9.6 The pace of evolution 161 Takehome message 162 References 162 10 How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease 165 Frank Ryan
10.1 Genetic symbiosis 165
10.2 Mitochondria: symbiogenesis in the human 167
10.3 Viral symbiogenesis 169
10.4 HERV proteins 172 Takehome message 174 References 174 11 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism 179 Boris A. Shenderov
11.1 Introduction 179
11.2 Background on epigenetics and epigenomic programming/ reprograming 180
11.3 Epigenomics and link with energy metabolism 184
11.4 The microbiota as a potential epigenetic modifier 185
11.5 Epigenetic control of the host genes by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms 188
11.6 Epigenetic control of the host genes by indigenous (probiotic) microorganisms 189
11.7 Concluding remarks and future directions 191 Takehome message 193 References 193 12 The emerging role of propionibacteria in human health and disease 199 Holger Brüggemann
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 Microbiological features of propionibacteria 199
12.3 Population structure of P. acnes 201
12.4 Propionibacteria as indigenous probiotics of the skin 202
12.5 Propionibacteria as opportunistic pathogens 203
12.6 Host interacting traits and factors of propionibacteria 205
12.7 Host responses to P. acnes 206
12.8 Propionibacteriumspecific bacteriophages 208
12.9 Concluding remarks 209 Takehome message 210 References 210 Section 3 Dysbioses and bacterial diseases: Metchnikoff''s legacy 215 13 The periodontal diseases: microbial diseases or diseases of the host response? 217 Luigi Nibali
13.1 The tooth: a potential breach in the mucosal barrier 217
13.2 The periodontium from health to disease 217
13.3 Periodontitis: one of the most common human diseases 219
13.4 Periodontal treatment: a nonspecific biofilm disruption 220
13.5 Microbial etiology 220
13.6 The host response in periodontitis 221
13.7 Conclusions 223 Takehome message 223 References 223 14 The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis 227 George Hajishengallis and Richard J. Lamont
14.1 Introduction 227
14.2 A (very) polymicrobial etiology of periodontitis 229
14.3 Synergism among periodontal bacteria 230
14.4 Interactions between bacterial communities and epithelial cells 232
14.5 Manipulation of host immunity 233
14.6 Conclusions 237 Takehome message 238 References 239 15 New paradigm in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: effects of oral bacteria on the gut microbiota and metabolism 243 Kazuhisa Yamazaki
15.1 Introduction 243
15.2 Association between periodontal and systemic diseases 244
15.3 Issues in causal mechanisms of periodontal disease for systemic disease 249
15.4 New insights into the mechanisms linking periodontal disease and s ystemic disease 252
15.5 Effect of oral administration of P. gingivalis on metabolic change and gut microbiota 252
15.6 Conclusions 254 Takehome message 255 References 255 16 The vaginal microbiota in health and disease 263 S. Tariq Sadiq and Phillip Hay
16.1 What makes a healthy microbiota 263
16.2 The vaginal microbiota in disease 265
16.3 Conclusions 269 Takehome message 269 References 270 Section 4 Dysbioses and chronic diseases: is there a connection? 273 17 Reactive arthritis: the hidden bacterial connection 275 John D. Carter
17.1 Introduction 275
17.2 Reactive arthritis 276
17.3 Pathophysiology of ReA 277
17.4 Questions remain 279
17.5 Conclusion 280 Takehome message 280 References 280 18 Rheumatoid arthritis: the bacterial connection 283 Jacqueline Detert
18.1 Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis 283
18.2 Predisposition to RA 284
18.3 MCHHLA and genetic predisposition to RA 284
18.4 Molecular mimicry in RA 285
18.5 Innate immune system and RA 285
18.6 Bystander activation and pattern recognition receptors 286
18.7 Antibodies and neoepitopes 287
18.8 Superantigens 287
18.9 Lps 287
18.10 Bacterial DNA and peptidoglycans 288
18.11 Heatshock proteins 288
18.12 Tolllike and bacterial infections 288
18.13 Proteus mirabilis 288
18.14 Porphyromonas gingivalis and RA 289
18.15 Gastrointestinal flora and RA 290
18.16 Smoking lung infection and RA 291
18.17 Where to go from here? 291 Takehome message 291 References 292 19 Inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota 301 Nik Ding and Ailsa Hart
19.1 The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease 301
19.2 Dysbiosis and IBD pathogenesis 301
19.3 Environmental factors affecting microbiome composition 302
19.4 Genetics and application to the immune system and dysbiosis in IBD 303
19.5 An overview of gut microbiota studies in IBD 305
19.6 Specific bacterial changes in IBD 306
19.7 Functional composition of microbiota in IBD 308
19.8 Challenges 310
19.9 Conclusion 310 Takehome message 310 References 310 20 Ankylosing spondylitis klebsiella and the lowstarch diet 317 Al
1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care? 3
1.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease 3
1.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota 8
1.4 Cultureindependent approaches to microbial community analysis 29
1.5 Determination of microbial community functions 31
1.6 Closing remarks 32 Takehome message 32 References 33 2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis 37 Mike Curtis
2.1 Definition of dysbiosis 37
2.2 The ''normal'' microbiota 38
2.3 Main features of dysbiosis 45
2.4 Conclusions 49 Takehome message 53 Acknowledgment 53 References 53 3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system 55 Hervé M. Blottière and Joël Doré
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Who is there how is it composed? 56
3.3 A system in interaction with food 58
3.4 A system highly impacted by the host 61
3.5 A system in interaction with human cells 62
3.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study 63 Takehome message 63 References 63 4 The oral microbiota 67 William G. Wade
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Composition of the oral microbiome 68
4.3 The oral microbiota in health 71
4.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease 73
4.5 Future outlook 75 Takehome message 75 References 76 5 The skin microbiota 81 Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen and Joost Schalkwijk
5.1 Normal skin 81
5.2 Skin diseases 83
5.3 Experimental studies 87
5.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome 87
5.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation 89
5.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies 89
5.7 Concluding remarks 90 Takehome message 90 References 90 6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome 95 Luis G. BermúdezHumarán
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 The human microbiome 96
6.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles 97
6.4 The human microbiome and the environment 98
6.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome 99
6.6 Conclusions 105 Takehome message 105 References 106 Section 2 Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease 113 7 Systems biology of bacteriahost interactions 115 Almut Heinken Dmitry A. Ravcheev and Ines Thiele
7.1 Introduction 115
7.2 Computational analysis of hostmicrobe interactions 118
7.3 Networkbased modeling 121
7.4 Other computational modeling approaches 127
7.5 Conclusion 129 Takehome message 130 Acknowledgments 130 References 131 8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms 139 Jessica Snowden
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Biofilms in human disease 139
8.3 Biofilm formation 141
8.4 Immune responses to biofilms 143
8.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies 147
8.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics 148
8.7 Conclusions 149 Takehome message 149 References 150 9 Coevolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences for modernday life 155 Markus B. Geuking
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution 156
9.3 Evolution of the (innate and adaptive) immune system 157
9.4 Hygiene hypothesis 159
9.5 What drives the composition of the microbiota? 160
9.6 The pace of evolution 161 Takehome message 162 References 162 10 How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease 165 Frank Ryan
10.1 Genetic symbiosis 165
10.2 Mitochondria: symbiogenesis in the human 167
10.3 Viral symbiogenesis 169
10.4 HERV proteins 172 Takehome message 174 References 174 11 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism 179 Boris A. Shenderov
11.1 Introduction 179
11.2 Background on epigenetics and epigenomic programming/ reprograming 180
11.3 Epigenomics and link with energy metabolism 184
11.4 The microbiota as a potential epigenetic modifier 185
11.5 Epigenetic control of the host genes by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms 188
11.6 Epigenetic control of the host genes by indigenous (probiotic) microorganisms 189
11.7 Concluding remarks and future directions 191 Takehome message 193 References 193 12 The emerging role of propionibacteria in human health and disease 199 Holger Brüggemann
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 Microbiological features of propionibacteria 199
12.3 Population structure of P. acnes 201
12.4 Propionibacteria as indigenous probiotics of the skin 202
12.5 Propionibacteria as opportunistic pathogens 203
12.6 Host interacting traits and factors of propionibacteria 205
12.7 Host responses to P. acnes 206
12.8 Propionibacteriumspecific bacteriophages 208
12.9 Concluding remarks 209 Takehome message 210 References 210 Section 3 Dysbioses and bacterial diseases: Metchnikoff''s legacy 215 13 The periodontal diseases: microbial diseases or diseases of the host response? 217 Luigi Nibali
13.1 The tooth: a potential breach in the mucosal barrier 217
13.2 The periodontium from health to disease 217
13.3 Periodontitis: one of the most common human diseases 219
13.4 Periodontal treatment: a nonspecific biofilm disruption 220
13.5 Microbial etiology 220
13.6 The host response in periodontitis 221
13.7 Conclusions 223 Takehome message 223 References 223 14 The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis 227 George Hajishengallis and Richard J. Lamont
14.1 Introduction 227
14.2 A (very) polymicrobial etiology of periodontitis 229
14.3 Synergism among periodontal bacteria 230
14.4 Interactions between bacterial communities and epithelial cells 232
14.5 Manipulation of host immunity 233
14.6 Conclusions 237 Takehome message 238 References 239 15 New paradigm in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: effects of oral bacteria on the gut microbiota and metabolism 243 Kazuhisa Yamazaki
15.1 Introduction 243
15.2 Association between periodontal and systemic diseases 244
15.3 Issues in causal mechanisms of periodontal disease for systemic disease 249
15.4 New insights into the mechanisms linking periodontal disease and s ystemic disease 252
15.5 Effect of oral administration of P. gingivalis on metabolic change and gut microbiota 252
15.6 Conclusions 254 Takehome message 255 References 255 16 The vaginal microbiota in health and disease 263 S. Tariq Sadiq and Phillip Hay
16.1 What makes a healthy microbiota 263
16.2 The vaginal microbiota in disease 265
16.3 Conclusions 269 Takehome message 269 References 270 Section 4 Dysbioses and chronic diseases: is there a connection? 273 17 Reactive arthritis: the hidden bacterial connection 275 John D. Carter
17.1 Introduction 275
17.2 Reactive arthritis 276
17.3 Pathophysiology of ReA 277
17.4 Questions remain 279
17.5 Conclusion 280 Takehome message 280 References 280 18 Rheumatoid arthritis: the bacterial connection 283 Jacqueline Detert
18.1 Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis 283
18.2 Predisposition to RA 284
18.3 MCHHLA and genetic predisposition to RA 284
18.4 Molecular mimicry in RA 285
18.5 Innate immune system and RA 285
18.6 Bystander activation and pattern recognition receptors 286
18.7 Antibodies and neoepitopes 287
18.8 Superantigens 287
18.9 Lps 287
18.10 Bacterial DNA and peptidoglycans 288
18.11 Heatshock proteins 288
18.12 Tolllike and bacterial infections 288
18.13 Proteus mirabilis 288
18.14 Porphyromonas gingivalis and RA 289
18.15 Gastrointestinal flora and RA 290
18.16 Smoking lung infection and RA 291
18.17 Where to go from here? 291 Takehome message 291 References 292 19 Inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota 301 Nik Ding and Ailsa Hart
19.1 The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease 301
19.2 Dysbiosis and IBD pathogenesis 301
19.3 Environmental factors affecting microbiome composition 302
19.4 Genetics and application to the immune system and dysbiosis in IBD 303
19.5 An overview of gut microbiota studies in IBD 305
19.6 Specific bacterial changes in IBD 306
19.7 Functional composition of microbiota in IBD 308
19.8 Challenges 310
19.9 Conclusion 310 Takehome message 310 References 310 20 Ankylosing spondylitis klebsiella and the lowstarch diet 317 Al
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