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Preface xxi 1 Structural and Biodegradation Characterization of Supramolecular PCL/HAp Nanocomposites for Application in Tissue Engineering 1 Parvin Shokrollahi, Fateme Shokrolahi and Parinaz Hassanzadeh
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Biomedical Applications of HAp 2
1.3 Effect of HAp Particles on Biodegradation of PCL/HAp Composites 5
1.4 Polycaprolactone 6
1.5 Supramolecular Polymers and Supramolecular PCL 7
1.6 Supramolecular Composites: PCL (UPy)2 /HApUPy Composites 8
1.7 PCL(UPy)2 /HApUPy Nanocomposites 17 References 20 2 Different Characterization of Solid Biofillers-based Agricultural Waste Material 25 Ahmad Mousa and Gert Heinrich 2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Examples on Agricultural Waste Materials 26
2.3 The Main Polymorphs of Cellulose 30
2.4 Modification Methods of Agro-biomass 31
2.5 Properties of Thermoplastics Reinforced with Untreated Wood Fillers 34
2.6 Production of Nanocellulose 34
2.7 Processing of Wood Thermoplastic Composites 37
2.8 Conclusion 38 References 38 3 Poly (ethylene-terephthalate) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers: Elaboration, Characterization, and Potential Applications 43 A.S. Fotso Talla, F. Erchiqui and J.S.Y. D Pagé
3.1 General Introduction to Biocomposite Materials 43
3.2 PET-Hemp Fiber Composites 45
3.3 Methods of Elaboration and Characterization of PET-Hemp Fiber Composites 48
3.4 Properties of PET-Hemp Fiber Composites 50
3.5 Applications of PET-Hemp Fiber Composites 57
3.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 64 References 64 4 Poly(Lactic Acid) Thermoplastic Composites from Renewable Materials 69 Khosrow Khodabakhshi
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) Production, Properties, and Processing 71
4.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites 74
4.4 Poly(Lactic Acid) Natural Fibers-Reinforced Composites 79
4.5 Conclusions 93 References 93 5 Chitosan-Based Composite Materials: Fabrication and Characterization 103 Nabil A. Ibrahim and Basma M. Eid
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Cs-Based Composite Materials 105
5.3 Cs-Based Nanocomposites 105
5.4 Characterization of Cs-based Composites 130
5.5 Environmental Concerns 130
5.6 Future Prospects 130 References 133 6 The Use of Flax Fiber-reinforced Polymer (FFRP) Composites in the Externally Reinforced Structures for Seismic Retrofitting Monitored by Transient Thermography and Optical Techniques 137 C. Ibarra-Castanedo, S. Sfarra, D. Paoletti, A. Bendada and X. Maldague
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Experimental Setup 139
6.3 Conclusions 151 Acknowledgments 152 References 152 7 Recycling and Reuse of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wastes in Concrete Composite Materials 155 M.C.S. Ribeiro, A. Fiúza and A.J.M. Ferreira
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Recycling Processes for Thermoset FRP Wastes 158
7.3 End-Use Applications for Mechanically Recycled FRP Wastes 164
7.4 Market Outlook and Future Perspectives 166 Acknowledgment 167 References 167 8 Analysis of Damage in Hybrid Composites Subjected to Ballistic Impacts: An Integrated Non-destructive Approach 175 S. Sfarra, F. López, F. Sarasini, J. Tirillò, L. Ferrante, S. Perilli, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, D. Paoletti, L. Lampani, E. Barbero, S. Sánchez-Sáez and X. Maldague
8.1 Introduction 176
8.2 Lay-up Sequences and Manufacturing of Composite Materials 178
8.3 Test Procedure 178
8.4 Numerical Simulation 180
8.5 Non-destructive Testing Methods and Related Techniques 191
8.6 Results and Discussion 194
8.7 Conclusions 206 References 206 9 Biofiber-Reinforced Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO) Biocomposites 211 Nazire Deniz Yýlmaz, G.M. Arifuzzaman Khan and Kenan Yýlmaz
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Soybean Oil 213
9.3 Functionalization of Soy Oil Triglyceride 216
9.4 Manufacturing of AESO-Based Composites 227
9.5 Targeted Applications 247
9.6 Conclusion 247 Acknowledgments 248 References 248 10 Biopolyamides and High-Performance Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites 253 Shaghayegh Armioun, Muhammad Pervaiz and Mohini Sain
10.1 Introduction 253
10.2 Polyamide Chemistry 256
10.3 Overview of Current Applications of Polyamides 261
10.4 Biopolyamide Reinforced with Natural Fibers 262
10.5 Conclusion 268 References 268 11 Impact of Recycling on the Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber Based HDPE and PLA Composites 271 Dilpreet S. Bajwa and Sujal Bhattacharjee
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Experiments 275
11.3 Results and Discussion 279
11.4 Conclusion 289 References 289 12 Lignocellulosic Fibers Composites: An Overview 293 Grzegorz Kowaluk
12.1 Wood 293
12.2 Conventional Wood-Based Composites 296
12.3 Lignocellulosic Composites with Reduced Weight 299
12.4 Regenerated Cellulose Fibers 301
12.5 Composites with Natural Fibres 303
12.6 Sisal 303
12.7 Banana Fibers 304
12.8 Lignin and Cellulose 305
12.9 Nanocellulose 306 References 306 13 Biodiesel-Derived Raw Glycerol to Value-Added Products: Catalytic Conversion Approach 309 Samira Bagheri, Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli, Wageeh Abdulhadi Yehya Dabdawb and Negar Mansouri
13.1 Introduction 309
13.2 Glycerol 313
13.3 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Value-added Products 316
13.4 Conclusion 345 References 346 14 Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Structural Composites 367 Marek Prajer and Martin P. Ansell
14.1 Introduction 367
14.2 Structure and Mechanical Properties of Botanical Fibers 368
14.3 Sustainable Polymer Matrix 372
14.4 Interface in Natural Fiber-Sustainable Polymer Microcomposites 377
14.5 Natural Fibers as a Reinforcement in Unidirectional and Laminar Composites 381
14.6 Sustainable Structural Composites 384
14.7 Discussion and Conclusions 401 Acknowledgment 402 References 402 15 Novel pH Sensitive Composite Hydrogel Based on Functionalized Starch/clay for the Controlled Release of Amoxicillin 409 T.S. Anirudhan, J. Parvathy and Anoop S. Nair
15.1 Introduction 409
15.2 Experimental 412
15.3 Results and Discussion 416
15.4 Conclusions 421 Acknowledgments 422 References 422 16 Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Thermoset Polymers from Renewable Resources and Their Use in Composites 425 Sunil Kumar Ramamoorthy, Dan Åkesson, Mikael Skrifvars and Behnaz Baghaei
16.1 Introduction 425
16.2 Characterization 427 References 452 17 Influence of Natural Fillers Size and Shape into Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biocomposites 459 Marcos Mariano, Clarice Fedosse Zornio, Farayde Matta Fakhouri and Sílvia Maria Martelli
17.1 Introduction 459
17.2 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 464 References 480 18 Composite of Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PCL/PLLA and Coconut Fiber: The Effects of Ionizing Radiation 489 Yasko Kodama
18.1 Introduction 489
18.2 Material and Method 494
18.3 Results and Discussion 502
18.4 Conclusion 519 Acknowledgments 520 References 521 19 Packaging Composite Materials from Renewable Resources 525 Behjat Tajeddin
19.1 Introduction 525
19.2 Sustainable Packaging 527
19.3 Packaging Materials/Composites 531
19.4 Biomass Packaging Materials/Biobased Polymers 532
19.5 Vegetable Oils/Essential Oils 538
19.6 Aliphatic Polyesters 538
19.7 Synthetic/Natural Polymers Reinforcement with Any Other Renewable Resources/Vegetables Fibers Blends 544
19.8 Edible Packaging Materials (Composites) 545
19.9 Processing Methods or Tools for Biopackaging Composites Productions 546
19.10 Nanopackaging (Bionanocomposites) 549
19.11 Preparation Methods for Packaging Nanocomposites 550
19.12 Edible Nanocomposite-based Material 552
19.13 Summary/Conclusion 552 Abbreviations 553 References 554 20 Physicochemical Properties of Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete 563 M. Shanmuga Sundaram and S. Karthiyaini
20.1 Precursor of Geopolymerization 563
20.2 Back Ground of Precursor 564
20.3 Present Scenario of Geopolymer 564
20.4 Geopolymer Concrete 565
20.5 Constituents of Geopolymers 566
20.6 Evolution of Geopolymer 566
20.7 Works on Geopolymer Concrete 567
20.8 Economic Benefits of Geopolymer Concrete 574
20.9 Authors Study 574
20.10 Conclusion 577 References 578 21 A Biopolymer Derived from Castor Oil Polyurethane: Experimental and Numerical Analyses 581 R.R.C. da Costa, A.C. Vieira, R.M. Guedes and V. Tita
21.1 Introduction 581
21.2 Experimental Analyses 586
21.3 Constitutive Models 590
21.4 Results 591
21.5 Conclusions 602 Acknowledgment 604 References 604 22 Natural Polymer-Based Biomaterials and Its Properties 607 Md. Saiful Islam, Irmawati Binti Ramli, S.N. Kamilah, Azman Hassan and Abu Saleh Ahmed
22.1 Introduction 608