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Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur og Michael R. Kessler
(2017)
John Wiley & Sons
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Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Polymeric Composites
Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur og Michael R. Kessler
(2017)
Sprog: Engelsk
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
3.231,00 kr.
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Detaljer om varen
- 1. Udgave
- Vital Source searchable e-book (Reflowable pages)
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons (Marts 2017)
- Forfattere: Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur og Michael R. Kessler
- ISBN: 9781119224433
The Handbook of Composites From Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The handbook covers a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Together, the 8 volumes total at least 5000 pages and offers a unique publication. This 6th volume Handbook is solely focused on Polymeric Composites. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Keratin as renewable material for developing polymer composites; natural and synthetic matrices; hydrogels in tissue engineering; smart hydrogels: application in bioethanol production; principle renewable biopolymers; application of hydrogel biocomposites for multiple drug delivery; nontoxic holographic materials; bioplasticizer - epoxidized vegetable oils-based poly (lactic acid) blends and nanocomposites; preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of poly (DMAEA) – cross-linked starch gel copolymer in waste water treatments; study of chitosan crosslinking hydrogels for absorption of antifungal drugs using molecular modelling; pharmaceutical delivery systems composed of chitosan; eco-friendly polymers for food packaging; influence of surface modification on the thermal stability and percentage of crystallinity of natural abaca fiber; influence of the use of natural fibers in composite materials assessed on a life cycle perspective; plant polysaccharides-blended ionotropically-gelled alginate multiple-unit systems for sustained drug release; vegetable oil based polymer composites; applications of chitosan derivatives in wastewater treatment; novel lignin-based materials as a products for various applications; biopolymers from renewable resources and thermoplastic starch matrix as polymer units of multi-component polymer systems for advanced applications; chitosan composites: preparation and applications in removing water pollutants and recent advancements in biopolymer composites for addressing environmental issues.
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Detaljer om varen
- Hardback: 736 sider
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated (April 2017)
- Forfattere: Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur og Michael R. Kessler
- ISBN: 9781119223801
The Handbook of Composites From Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The handbook covers a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Together, the 8 volumes total at least 5000 pages and offers a unique publication.
This 6th volume Handbook is solely focused on Polymeric Composites. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Keratin as renewable material for developing polymer composites; natural and synthetic matrices; hydrogels in tissue engineering; smart hydrogels: application in bioethanol production; principle renewable biopolymers; application of hydrogel biocomposites for multiple drug delivery; nontoxic holographic materials; bioplasticizer - epoxidized vegetable oils-based poly (lactic acid) blends and nanocomposites; preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of poly (DMAEA) - cross-linked starch gel copolymer in waste water treatments; study of chitosan crosslinking hydrogels for absorption of antifungal drugs using molecular modelling; pharmaceutical delivery systems composed of chitosan; eco-friendly polymers for food packaging; influence of surface modification on the thermal stability and percentage of crystallinity of natural abaca fiber; influence of the use of natural fibers in composite materials assessed on a life cycle perspective; plant polysaccharides-blended ionotropically-gelled alginate multiple-unit systems for sustained drug release; vegetable oil based polymer composites; applications of chitosan derivatives in wastewater treatment; novel lignin-based materials as a products for various applications; biopolymers from renewable resources and thermoplastic starch matrix as polymer units of multi-component polymer systems for advanced applications; chitosan composites: preparation and applications in removing water pollutants and recent advancements in biopolymer composites for addressing environmental issues.
Preface xxi 1 Keratin as Renewable Material to Develop Polymer Composites: Natural and Synthetic Matrices 1 Flores-Hernandez C.G., Murillo-Segovia B., Martinez-Hernandez A.L. and Velasco-Santos C
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Keratin 2
1.2.1 Feathers 5
1.2.2 Hair and Wool 8
1.2.3 Horn 9
1.3 Natural Fibers to Reinforce Composite Materials 11
1.4 Keratin, an Environmental Friendly Reinforcement for Composite Materials 11
1.4.1 Synthetic Matrices 11
1.4.1.1 Petroleum-Based Polymers Reinforced with Chicken Feathers 13
1.4.1.2 Synthetic Matrices Reinforced with Hair or Wool 18
1.4.1.3 Synthetic Matrices Reinforced with Horn 20
1.4.2 Natural Matrices 20
1.4.2.1 Natural Matrices Reinforced with Chicken Feathers 21
1.4.2.2 Natural Matrices Reinforced with Hair or Wool 24
1.5 Conclusions 25 References 26 2 Determination of Properties in Composites of Agave Fiber with LDPE and PP Applied Molecular Simulation 31 Norma-Aurea Rangel-Vazquez and Ricardo Rangel
2.1 Introduction 31
2.1.1 Lignocellulosic Materials 31
2.1.1.1 Fibers 32
2.1.1.2 Agave 33
2.1.1.3 Chemical Treatment of Fibers 34
2.1.2 Composites 35
2.1.3 Polymers 35
2.1.3.1 Polyethylene 37
2.1.3.2 Polypropylene (PP) 39
2.1.4 Molecular Modelation 39
2.1.4.1 Classification 40
2.1.4.2 Properties 42
2.2 Materials and Methods 44
2.2.1 Geometry Optimization 44
2.2.2 Structural Parameters 44
2.2.3 FTIR 45
2.2.4 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map 45
2.3 Results and Discussions 48
2.3.1 Geometry Optimization 48
2.3.2 Deacetylation of Agave Fiber 49
2.3.3 Structural Parameters 50
2.3.4 FTIR 50
2.3.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map (MESP) 54
2.4 Conclusions 54 References 55 3 Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering 59 Luminita Ioana Buruiana and Silvia Ioan
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Classification of Hydrogels 60
3.3 Methods of Hydrogels Preparation 61
3.4 Hydrogels Characterization 63
3.4.1 Mechanical Properties 64
3.4.2 Chemical-Physical Analysis 64
3.4.3 Morphological Characterization 64
3.4.4 Swelling Behavior 65
3.4.5 Rheology Measurements 65
3.5 Hydrogels Applications in Biology and Medicine 66
3.5.1 Hydrogel Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 66
3.5.2 Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Systems 70
3.6 Concluding Remarks 73 References 74 4 Smart Hydrogels: Application in Bioethanol Production 79 Lucinda Mulko, Edith Yslas, Silvestre Bongiovanni Abel, Claudia Rivarola, Cesar Barbero and Diego Acevedo
4.1 Hydrogels 79
4.2 History of Hydrogels 80
4.3 The Water in Hydrogels 81
4.4 Classifications of Hydrogels 81
4.5 Synthesis 82
4.6 Hydrogels Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization 83
4.7 Monomers 84
4.8 Initiators 84
4.9 Cross-Linkers 84
4.10 Hydrogel Properties 85
4.11 Mechanical Properties 87
4.12 Biocompatible Properties 87
4.13 Hydrogels: Biomedical Applications 88
4.14 Techniques and Supports for Immobilization 89
4.15 Entrapment 89
4.16 Covalent Binding 90
4.17 Cross-Linking 91
4.18 Adsorption 91
4.19 Hydrogel Applications in Bioethanol Production 92
4.20 Classification of Biofuels 92
4.21 Ethanol Properties 93
4.22 Ethanol Production 95
4.23 Feedstock Pretreatment 95
4.24 Liquefaction and Saccharification Reactions 97
4.25 Fermentation Process 97
4.26 Continuous or Discontinuous Process? 98
4.27 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Processes 98
4.28 Yeast and Enzymes Immobilized 99 References 100 5 Principle Renewable Biopolymers and Their Biomedical Applications 107 ilayda Duru, Oznur Demir Oguz, Hayriye Oztatli, Duygu Ceren Arikfidan, Hatice Kaya, Elif Donmez and Duygu Ege
5.1 Collagen 107
5.2 Elastin 111
5.3 Silk Fibroin 114
5.4 Chitosan 116
5.5 Chondroitin Sulfate 119
5.6 Cellulose 121
5.7 Hyaluronic Acid 123
5.8 Poly(L-lysine) 126 References 128 6 Application of Hydrogel Biocomposites for Multiple Drug Delivery 139 S.J. Owonubi, S.C. Agwuncha, E. Mukwevho, B.A. Aderibigbe, E.R. Sadiku, O.F. Biotidara and K. Varaprasad
6.1 Introduction 140
6.2 Sustained Drug Release Systems 142
6.3 Controlled Release Systems 143
6.3.1 Half-Life of the Drug Formulation 143
6.3.2 Absorption 143
6.3.3 Metabolism 143
6.3.4 Dosage Size 144
6.3.5 pH Stability and Aqueous Stability of the Drug Formulation 144
6.3.6 Barrier Co-Efficient 144
6.3.7 Stability 144
6.4 Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices 146
6.5 Multiple Drug Delivery Systems 147
6.5.1 Supramolecules and In Situ -Forming Hydrogels 149
6.5.2 Layer-By-Layer Assembly 150
6.5.3 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) 150
6.5.4 Application of Hydrogels for Multiple Drug Delivery 151
6.5.5 Cancer Treatments 151
6.5.6 Diabetes Treatments 152
6.6 Tissue Engineering 153
6.6.1 Self-Healing 154
6.6.2 Molecular Sensing 155
6.7 Conclusion 155 References 155 7 Non-Toxic Holographic Materials (Holograms in Sweeteners) 167 Arturo Olivares-Perez
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 Sugars as Holographic Recording Medium 168
7.2.1 Classification and Nomenclature 168
7.2.2 Monosaccharides/Glucose and Fructose 169
7.2.2.1 Glucose 169
7.2.2.2 Fructose 171
7.2.2.3 Disaccharides Sucrose 171
7.2.2.4 Polysaccharides, Pectins 174
7.2.2.5 Sweeteners Corn Syrup 175
7.3 Photosensitizers 176
7.3.1 Dyes 177
7.3.2 Dyes as Sensitizers 177
7.4 Sucrose Preparation and Film Generation 179
7.4.1 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 180
7.4.2 Replication of Holographic Gratings is Sucrose 181
7.4.2.1 Holographic Code 181
7.4.2.2 Soft Mask 181
7.4.2.3 Thermosensitive Properties Through Mask 181
7.4.2.4 Replication 182
7.4.2.5 Diffraction Efficiency 183
7.4.3 Sucrose With Dyes 185
7.4.3.1 Sugar UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 185
7.4.3.2 Holographic Replicas 186
7.4.3.3 DE Sugar Tartrazine and Erioglaucine Dye 187
7.5 Corn Syrup 188
7.5.1 Holographic Replicas of Low and High Frequency 189
7.5.2 DE Corn Syrup 191
7.6 Hydrophobic Materials 192
7.6.1 Hydrophobic Mixture of Pectin Sucrose and Vanilla 192
7.6.2 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 192
7.6.3 Holographic Replicas 192
7.6.4 DE Hydrophobic Films PSV 193
7.7 PSV with Dyes 194
7.7.1 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 194
7.7.2 DE Films PSV and Erioglaucine 194
7.8 Pineapple Juice as Holographic Recording Material 195
7.8.1 Characterization of Pineapple Juice 196
7.8.2 Generation of Pineapple Films 196
7.8.3 Replication Technique 196
7.8.4 DE Pineapple Film 196
7.9 Holograms Made with Milk 198
7.9.1 Low-Fat Milk Tests 198
7.9.2 DE Milk Gratings 198
7.9.2.1 Gravity Technique 198
7.9.2.2 Spinner Technical 199
7.10 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgements 200 References 200 8 Bioplasitcizer Epoxidized Vegetable Oils-Based Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends and Nanocomposites 205 Buong Woei Chieng, Nor Azowa Ibrahim and Yuet Ying Loo
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Vegetable Oils 207
8.3 Expoxidation of Vegetable Oils 209
8.4 Poly(lactic acid) 211
8.5 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Blends 213
8.5.1 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Palm Oil Blend 213
8.5.2 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Soybean Oil Blend 217
8.5.3 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Sunflower Oil Blend 219
8.5.4 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Jatropha Oil Blend 220
8.6 Polymer/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites 223
8.7 Summary 227 References 227 9 Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Poly(DMAEA) - Cross-Linked Starch Gel Copolymer in Wastewater 233 Sudhir Kumar Saw
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Experimental Procedure 237
9.2.1 Materials 237
9.2.2 Instrumentation 237
9.2.3 Preparation of Cross-Linked Starch Gel 238
9.2.4 Preparation of Poly(DMAEA) - Cross-Linked Starch Gel Graft Copolymer 238
9.2.5 Determination of Nitrogen 239
9.2.6 Experimental Process of Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 239
9.2.7 Removal of Dyes 240
9.2.8 Recovery of the Prepared Copolymer 240
9.3 Results and Discussion 240
9.3.1 Effect of pH 240
9.3.2 Effect of Extent of Grafting on Metal Removal 242
9.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dose Used 243
9.3.4 Effect of Treatment Time on the Metal Removal 243
9.3.5 Effect of Agitation Speed 244
9.3.6 Effect of Temperature 245
9.3.7 Recovery of Starch 247
9.3.8 Removal of Dyes 247
9.3.9 Adsorption Kinetics 248
9.3.10 Adsorption Isotherm 249
9.4 Conclusions 250 Acknowledgement 251 References 251 10 Study of Chitosan Cross-Linking Genipin Hydrogels for Absorption of Antifungal Drugs Using Molecular Modeling 255 Norma Aurea Rangel-Vazquez
10.1 Introduction 255
10.1.1 Polymers 255
10.1.1.1 Properties 256
10.1.2 Natural Polymers 257
10.1.2.1 Chitosan 258
10.1.3 Hydrogels 260
10.1.3.1 Applicat
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Keratin 2
1.2.1 Feathers 5
1.2.2 Hair and Wool 8
1.2.3 Horn 9
1.3 Natural Fibers to Reinforce Composite Materials 11
1.4 Keratin, an Environmental Friendly Reinforcement for Composite Materials 11
1.4.1 Synthetic Matrices 11
1.4.1.1 Petroleum-Based Polymers Reinforced with Chicken Feathers 13
1.4.1.2 Synthetic Matrices Reinforced with Hair or Wool 18
1.4.1.3 Synthetic Matrices Reinforced with Horn 20
1.4.2 Natural Matrices 20
1.4.2.1 Natural Matrices Reinforced with Chicken Feathers 21
1.4.2.2 Natural Matrices Reinforced with Hair or Wool 24
1.5 Conclusions 25 References 26 2 Determination of Properties in Composites of Agave Fiber with LDPE and PP Applied Molecular Simulation 31 Norma-Aurea Rangel-Vazquez and Ricardo Rangel
2.1 Introduction 31
2.1.1 Lignocellulosic Materials 31
2.1.1.1 Fibers 32
2.1.1.2 Agave 33
2.1.1.3 Chemical Treatment of Fibers 34
2.1.2 Composites 35
2.1.3 Polymers 35
2.1.3.1 Polyethylene 37
2.1.3.2 Polypropylene (PP) 39
2.1.4 Molecular Modelation 39
2.1.4.1 Classification 40
2.1.4.2 Properties 42
2.2 Materials and Methods 44
2.2.1 Geometry Optimization 44
2.2.2 Structural Parameters 44
2.2.3 FTIR 45
2.2.4 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map 45
2.3 Results and Discussions 48
2.3.1 Geometry Optimization 48
2.3.2 Deacetylation of Agave Fiber 49
2.3.3 Structural Parameters 50
2.3.4 FTIR 50
2.3.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map (MESP) 54
2.4 Conclusions 54 References 55 3 Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering 59 Luminita Ioana Buruiana and Silvia Ioan
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Classification of Hydrogels 60
3.3 Methods of Hydrogels Preparation 61
3.4 Hydrogels Characterization 63
3.4.1 Mechanical Properties 64
3.4.2 Chemical-Physical Analysis 64
3.4.3 Morphological Characterization 64
3.4.4 Swelling Behavior 65
3.4.5 Rheology Measurements 65
3.5 Hydrogels Applications in Biology and Medicine 66
3.5.1 Hydrogel Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 66
3.5.2 Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Systems 70
3.6 Concluding Remarks 73 References 74 4 Smart Hydrogels: Application in Bioethanol Production 79 Lucinda Mulko, Edith Yslas, Silvestre Bongiovanni Abel, Claudia Rivarola, Cesar Barbero and Diego Acevedo
4.1 Hydrogels 79
4.2 History of Hydrogels 80
4.3 The Water in Hydrogels 81
4.4 Classifications of Hydrogels 81
4.5 Synthesis 82
4.6 Hydrogels Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization 83
4.7 Monomers 84
4.8 Initiators 84
4.9 Cross-Linkers 84
4.10 Hydrogel Properties 85
4.11 Mechanical Properties 87
4.12 Biocompatible Properties 87
4.13 Hydrogels: Biomedical Applications 88
4.14 Techniques and Supports for Immobilization 89
4.15 Entrapment 89
4.16 Covalent Binding 90
4.17 Cross-Linking 91
4.18 Adsorption 91
4.19 Hydrogel Applications in Bioethanol Production 92
4.20 Classification of Biofuels 92
4.21 Ethanol Properties 93
4.22 Ethanol Production 95
4.23 Feedstock Pretreatment 95
4.24 Liquefaction and Saccharification Reactions 97
4.25 Fermentation Process 97
4.26 Continuous or Discontinuous Process? 98
4.27 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Processes 98
4.28 Yeast and Enzymes Immobilized 99 References 100 5 Principle Renewable Biopolymers and Their Biomedical Applications 107 ilayda Duru, Oznur Demir Oguz, Hayriye Oztatli, Duygu Ceren Arikfidan, Hatice Kaya, Elif Donmez and Duygu Ege
5.1 Collagen 107
5.2 Elastin 111
5.3 Silk Fibroin 114
5.4 Chitosan 116
5.5 Chondroitin Sulfate 119
5.6 Cellulose 121
5.7 Hyaluronic Acid 123
5.8 Poly(L-lysine) 126 References 128 6 Application of Hydrogel Biocomposites for Multiple Drug Delivery 139 S.J. Owonubi, S.C. Agwuncha, E. Mukwevho, B.A. Aderibigbe, E.R. Sadiku, O.F. Biotidara and K. Varaprasad
6.1 Introduction 140
6.2 Sustained Drug Release Systems 142
6.3 Controlled Release Systems 143
6.3.1 Half-Life of the Drug Formulation 143
6.3.2 Absorption 143
6.3.3 Metabolism 143
6.3.4 Dosage Size 144
6.3.5 pH Stability and Aqueous Stability of the Drug Formulation 144
6.3.6 Barrier Co-Efficient 144
6.3.7 Stability 144
6.4 Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices 146
6.5 Multiple Drug Delivery Systems 147
6.5.1 Supramolecules and In Situ -Forming Hydrogels 149
6.5.2 Layer-By-Layer Assembly 150
6.5.3 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) 150
6.5.4 Application of Hydrogels for Multiple Drug Delivery 151
6.5.5 Cancer Treatments 151
6.5.6 Diabetes Treatments 152
6.6 Tissue Engineering 153
6.6.1 Self-Healing 154
6.6.2 Molecular Sensing 155
6.7 Conclusion 155 References 155 7 Non-Toxic Holographic Materials (Holograms in Sweeteners) 167 Arturo Olivares-Perez
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 Sugars as Holographic Recording Medium 168
7.2.1 Classification and Nomenclature 168
7.2.2 Monosaccharides/Glucose and Fructose 169
7.2.2.1 Glucose 169
7.2.2.2 Fructose 171
7.2.2.3 Disaccharides Sucrose 171
7.2.2.4 Polysaccharides, Pectins 174
7.2.2.5 Sweeteners Corn Syrup 175
7.3 Photosensitizers 176
7.3.1 Dyes 177
7.3.2 Dyes as Sensitizers 177
7.4 Sucrose Preparation and Film Generation 179
7.4.1 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 180
7.4.2 Replication of Holographic Gratings is Sucrose 181
7.4.2.1 Holographic Code 181
7.4.2.2 Soft Mask 181
7.4.2.3 Thermosensitive Properties Through Mask 181
7.4.2.4 Replication 182
7.4.2.5 Diffraction Efficiency 183
7.4.3 Sucrose With Dyes 185
7.4.3.1 Sugar UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 185
7.4.3.2 Holographic Replicas 186
7.4.3.3 DE Sugar Tartrazine and Erioglaucine Dye 187
7.5 Corn Syrup 188
7.5.1 Holographic Replicas of Low and High Frequency 189
7.5.2 DE Corn Syrup 191
7.6 Hydrophobic Materials 192
7.6.1 Hydrophobic Mixture of Pectin Sucrose and Vanilla 192
7.6.2 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 192
7.6.3 Holographic Replicas 192
7.6.4 DE Hydrophobic Films PSV 193
7.7 PSV with Dyes 194
7.7.1 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 194
7.7.2 DE Films PSV and Erioglaucine 194
7.8 Pineapple Juice as Holographic Recording Material 195
7.8.1 Characterization of Pineapple Juice 196
7.8.2 Generation of Pineapple Films 196
7.8.3 Replication Technique 196
7.8.4 DE Pineapple Film 196
7.9 Holograms Made with Milk 198
7.9.1 Low-Fat Milk Tests 198
7.9.2 DE Milk Gratings 198
7.9.2.1 Gravity Technique 198
7.9.2.2 Spinner Technical 199
7.10 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgements 200 References 200 8 Bioplasitcizer Epoxidized Vegetable Oils-Based Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends and Nanocomposites 205 Buong Woei Chieng, Nor Azowa Ibrahim and Yuet Ying Loo
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Vegetable Oils 207
8.3 Expoxidation of Vegetable Oils 209
8.4 Poly(lactic acid) 211
8.5 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Blends 213
8.5.1 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Palm Oil Blend 213
8.5.2 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Soybean Oil Blend 217
8.5.3 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Sunflower Oil Blend 219
8.5.4 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Jatropha Oil Blend 220
8.6 Polymer/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites 223
8.7 Summary 227 References 227 9 Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Poly(DMAEA) - Cross-Linked Starch Gel Copolymer in Wastewater 233 Sudhir Kumar Saw
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Experimental Procedure 237
9.2.1 Materials 237
9.2.2 Instrumentation 237
9.2.3 Preparation of Cross-Linked Starch Gel 238
9.2.4 Preparation of Poly(DMAEA) - Cross-Linked Starch Gel Graft Copolymer 238
9.2.5 Determination of Nitrogen 239
9.2.6 Experimental Process of Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 239
9.2.7 Removal of Dyes 240
9.2.8 Recovery of the Prepared Copolymer 240
9.3 Results and Discussion 240
9.3.1 Effect of pH 240
9.3.2 Effect of Extent of Grafting on Metal Removal 242
9.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dose Used 243
9.3.4 Effect of Treatment Time on the Metal Removal 243
9.3.5 Effect of Agitation Speed 244
9.3.6 Effect of Temperature 245
9.3.7 Recovery of Starch 247
9.3.8 Removal of Dyes 247
9.3.9 Adsorption Kinetics 248
9.3.10 Adsorption Isotherm 249
9.4 Conclusions 250 Acknowledgement 251 References 251 10 Study of Chitosan Cross-Linking Genipin Hydrogels for Absorption of Antifungal Drugs Using Molecular Modeling 255 Norma Aurea Rangel-Vazquez
10.1 Introduction 255
10.1.1 Polymers 255
10.1.1.1 Properties 256
10.1.2 Natural Polymers 257
10.1.2.1 Chitosan 258
10.1.3 Hydrogels 260
10.1.3.1 Applicat
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