Hjem

Preface xxi 1 Virgin and Recycled Polymers Applied to Advanced Nanocomposites 1 Luis Claudio Mendes and Sibele Piedade Cestari
1.1 Introduction 1 References 12 2 Biodegradable Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites for Water and Wastewater Treatments 15 Geoffrey S. Simate
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites 17
2.2.1 Introduction 17
2.2.2 Starch-Carbon Nanotube Composites 17
2.2.3 Cellulose-Carbon Nanotube Composites 18
2.2.4 Chitosan-Carbon Nanotubes Composites 20
2.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites in Water and Wastewater Treatments 23
2.3.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 23
2.3.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants 26
2.4 Concluding Remarks 27 References 27 3 Eco-Friendly Nanocomposites of Chitosan with Natural Extracts, Antimicrobial Agents, and Nanometals 35 Iosody Silva-Castro, Pablo Martín-Ramos, Petruta Mihaela Matei, Marciabela Fernandes-Correa, Salvador Hernández-Navarro and Jesús Martín-Gil
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Properties and Formation of Chitosan Oligosaccharides 37
3.3 Nanomaterials from Renewable Materials 39
3.3.1 Chitosan Combined with Biomaterials 39
3.3.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked with Natural Extracts 41
3.3.3 Chitosan Co-Polymerized with Synthetic Species 42
3.4 Synthesis Methods for Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 44
3.4.1 Biological Methods 44
3.4.2 Physical Methods 45
3.4.3 Chemical Methods 47
3.5 Analytical Techniques for the Identification of the Composite Materials 48
3.6 Advanced Applications of Bionanomaterials Based on Chitosan 49
3.6.1 Antimicrobial Applications 50
3.6.2 Biomedical Applications 51
3.6.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Wound Dressings 51
3.6.2.2 Drug Delivery 51
3.6.2.3 Tissue Engineering 51
3.6.3 Food-Related Applications 52
3.6.4 Environmental Applications 52
3.6.4.1 Metal Absorption 52
3.6.4.2 Wastewater Treatment 52
3.6.4.3 Agricultural Crops 53
3.6.5 Applications in Heritage Preservation 53
3.7 Conclusions 54 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 4 Controllable Generation of Renewable Nanofibrils from Green Materials and Their Application in Nanocomposites 61 Jinyou Lin, Xiaran Miao, Xiangzhi Zhang and Fenggang Bian
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Generation of CNF from Jute Fibers 63
4.2.1 Experimental Section 63
4.2.2 Results and Discussion 64
4.2.3 Short Summary 71
4.3 Controllable Generation of CNF from Jute Fibers 72
4.3.1 Experimental Section 73
4.3.2 Results and Discussion 74
4.3.3 Short Summary 86
4.4 CNF Generation from Other Nonwood Fibers 86
4.4.1 Experiments Details 86
4.4.1 Results and Discussion 88
4.4.3 Summary 96
4.5 Applications in Nanocomposites 97
4.5.1 CNF-Reinforced Polymer Composite 97
4.5.2 Surface Coating as Barrier 100
4.5.3 Assembled into Microfiber and Film 101
4.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 102 Acknowledgments 103 References 103 5 Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications 109 Ming-Guo Ma, Yan-Jun Liu and Yan-Yan Dong
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Nanocellulose 110
5.3 Nanocellulose Composites 117
5.3.1 Hydrogels Based on Nanocellulose Composites 117
5.3.2 Aerogels Based on Nanocellulose Composites 120
5.3.3 Electrode Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites 124
5.3.4 Photocatalytic Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites 124
5.3.5 Antibacterial Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites 125
5.3.6 Sustained Release Applications Based on Nanocellulose Composites 125
5.3.7 Sensors Based on the Nanocellulose Composites 127
5.3.8 Mechanical Properties 127
5.3.9 Biodegradation Properties 128
5.3.10 Virus Removal 129
5.3.11 Porous Materials 129
5.4 Summary 130 Acknowledgments 131 References 131 6 Poly(Lactic Acid) Biopolymer Composites and Nanocomposites for Biomedicals and Biopackaging Applications 135 S.C. Agwuncha, E.R. Sadiku, I.D. Ibrahim, B.A. Aderibigbe, S.J. Owonubi O. Agboola, A. Babul Reddy, M. Bandla, K. Varaprasad, B.L. Bayode and S.S. Ray
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Preparations of PLA 137
6.3 Biocomposite 138
6.4 PLA Biocomposites 139
6.5 Nanocomposites 140
6.6 PLA Nanocomposites 140
6.7 Biomaterials 141
6.8 PLA Biomaterials 142
6.9 Processing Advantages of PLA Biomaterials 143
6.10 PLA as Packaging Materials 145
6.11 Biomedical Application of PLA 146
6.12 Medical Implants 146
6.13 Some Clinical Applications of PLA Devices 147
6.13.1 Fibers 147
6.13.2 Meshes 149
6.13.3 Bone Fixation Devices 150
6.13.4 Stress-Shielding Effect 151
6.13.5 Piezoelectric Effect 151
6.13.6 Screws, Pins, and Rods 152
6.13.7 Plates 153
6.13.8 Microspheres, Microcapsules, and Thin Coatings 154
6.14 PLA Packaging Applications 155
6.15 Conclusion 156 References 157 7 Impact of Nanotechnology on Water Treatment: Carbon Nanotube and Graphene 171 Mohd Amil Usmani, Imran Khan, Aamir H. Bhat and M.K. Mohamad Haafiz
7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 Threats to Water Treatment 173
7.3 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment 173
7.3.1 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 175
7.3.2 Nanomaterials and Membrane Filtration 176
7.3.3 Metal Nanostructured Materials 178
7.3.4 Naturally Occurring Materials 179
7.3.5 Carbon Nano Compounds 180
7.3.5.1 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Water Purification 181
7.3.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Catalysts or Co-Catalysts 185
7.3.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Photocatalysis 186
7.3.5.4 Carbon Nanotube Filters as Anti-Microbial Materials 188
7.3.5.5 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Seawater Desalination 191
7.4 Polymer Nanocomposites 192
7.4.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Water Treatment Membranes 192
7.4.2 Dendrimers 193
7.5 Global Impact of Nanotechnology and Human Health 195
7.6 Conclusions 196 Acknowledgments 196 References 197 8 Nanomaterials in Energy Generation 207 Paulraj Manidurai and Ramkumar Sekar
8.1 Introduction 207
8.1.1 Increasing of Surface Energy and Tension 209
8.1.2 Decrease of Thermal Conductivity 209
8.1.3 The Blue Shift Effect 210
8.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine and Biology 211
8.3 In Solar Cells 211
8.3.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 212
8.3.2 Composites from Renewable Materials for Photoanode 213
8.3.3 Composites from Renewable Materials for Electrolyte 214
8.3.4 Composites from Renewable Materials for Organic Solar Cells 215
8.4 Visible-Light Active Photocatalyst 216
8.5 Energy Storage 217
8.5.1 Thermal Energy Storage 217
8.5.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage 217
8.6 Biomechanical Energy Harvest and Storage Using Nanogenerator 218
8.7 Nanotechnology on Biogas Production 220
8.7.1 Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoadditives on the Biogas Production 223
8.8 Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities Using Nanoparticles 223
8.8.1 Antibacterial Activity 223
8.8.2 Antioxidant Activity 224
8.9 Conclusion 224 References 224 9 Sustainable Green Nanocomposites from Bacterial Bioplastics for Food-Packaging Applications 229 Ana M. Díez-Pascual
9.1 Introduction 229
9.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications 231
9.2.1 Synthesis 231
9.2.2 Structure 232
9.2.3 Properties 233
9.2.4 Applications 234
9.3 ZnO Nanofillers: Structure, Properties, Synthesis, and Applications 235
9.3.1 Structure 235
9.3.2 Properties 235
9.3.3 Synthesis 236
9.3.4 Applications 237
9.4 Materials and Nanocomposite Processing 239
9.5 Characterization of PHA-Based Nanocomposites 239
9.5.1 Morphology 239
9.5.2 Crystalline Structure 241
9.5.3 FTIR Spectra 242
9.5.4 Crystallization and Melting Behavior 243
9.5.5 Thermal Stability 244
9.5.6 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 245
9.5.7 Static Mechanical Properties 247
9.5.8 Barrier Properties 249
9.5.9 Migration Properties 250
9.5.10 Antibacterial Properties 251
9.6 Conclusions and Outlook 253 References 253 10 PLA Nanocomposites: A Promising Material for Future from Renewable Resources 259 Selvaraj Mohana Roopan, J. Fowsiya, D. Devi Priya and G. Madhumitha
10.1 Introduction 259
10.1.1 Nanotechnology 259
10.1.2 Nanocomposites 260
10.2 Biopolymers 260
10.2.1 Structural Formulas of Few Biopolymers 261
10.2.2 Polylactide Polymers 261
10.3 PLA Production 262
10.3.1 PLA Properties 263
10.3.1.1 Rheological Properties 263
10.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties 263
10.4 PLA-Based Nanocomposites 264
10.4.1 Preparation of PLA Nanocomposites 264
10.4.2 Recent Research on PLA Nanocomposites 264
10.4.3 Application of PLA Nanocomposites 265
10.5 PLA Nanocomposites 265
10.5.1 PLA/Layered Silicate Nanocomposite 266
10.5.2 PLA/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites 268
10.5.3 PLA/Starch Nanocomposites 268
10.5.4 PLA/Cellulose Nanocomposites 270
10.6 Conclusion 271 Referen