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Preface ix About the Authors xi Acknowledgements xiii Foreword xiv
PART A DEFINITION OF THE ISSUE 1 1 Green and Blue Infrastructure in Cities 3
1.1 Definitions 3
1.2 Economic and environmental benefits 5 References 7 2 Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies 10
2.1 Climate change and sustainable development 10
2.2 Impacts and risks in (of) urban areas 11
2.3 Mitigation and adaptation strategies 12 References 14 3 Environmental and Ecological Imbalances in Dense Urban Areas 17
3.1 Sustainable urban design 17
3.2 Imbalances in cities 19
3.3 Benefits connected to vegetation 20 References 22 4 Water in Urban Areas: Ecological and Environmental Issues and Strategies 26
4.1 Urbanisation and the water cycle 26
4.2 Perspectives and strategies 30 References 33 5 Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas - Social, Environmental, and Economic Benefits 36
5.1 Human activities and ecosystems 36
5.2 Green and blue infrastructure supporting ecosystem health 37
5.3 Economic value of urban ecosystems 37 References 42
PART B STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES 45 6 Green and Blue Infrastructure - Vegetated Systems 47
6.1 The role of GBI vegetation 47
6.2 Multifunctional ecological systems in urban areas 48
6.3 Vegetative biofilters 52
6.4 Infiltration basins 55
6.5 Bioretention Systems 56
6.6 Wetland ponds 57
6.7 Green roofs 58 References 60 7 Green and Blue Infrastructure - Unvegetated Systems 63
7.1 Unvegetated green and blue infrastructure 63
7.2 Water squares 64
7.3 Porous paving/pervious paving 66
7.4 Infiltration trenches 67
7.5 Treatment train 70 References 73 8 Urban River Restoration 76
8.1 Watershed processes and functions 76
8.2 Degraded river ecosystems 77
8.3 Techniques and strategies for river restoration 80
8.4 Restoring connectivity within urbanised areas 84 References 87
9.1 The Bronx River, USA - Strategies and Techniques 93
9.1.1 Context 93
9.1.2 Ecological and environmental issues 98
9.1.3 Strategies, techniques and results 99 References 104
9.2 Los Angeles River, USA - Strategies and Techniques 106
9.2.1 Context 106
9.2.2 Ecological and environmental issues 109
9.2.3 Strategies and techniques 111 References 115
9.3 Madrid Río, Spain - Strategies and Techniques 117
9.3.1 Context 117
9.3.2 Ecological and environmental issues 120
9.3.3 Strategies, techniques, and results 121 References 126
9.4 Paillon River, France - Strategies and Techniques 127
9.4.1 Context 127
9.4.2 Ecological and environmental issues 129
9.4.3 Strategies, techniques, and results 133 References 137
9.5 River Thames, England - Strategies and Technique 138
9.5.1 Context 138
9.5.2 Ecological and environmental issues 141
9.5.3 Strategies and techniques 145 References 149
9.6 Emscher River, Germany - Strategies and Techniques 151
9.6.1 Context 151
9.6.2 Ecological and environmental issues 154
9.6.3 Strategies, techniques, and results 155 References 158
PART C OPPORTUNITIES AND POLICIES 161 10 Green and Blue Infrastructure Top]Down Policies 163
10.1 European environmental and water policy 163
10.2 American environmental and water policy 168 References 173 11 Bottom]Up Initiatives for Green and Blue Infrastructure 177
11.1 Bottom]up and top]down approaches 177
11.2 Bottom]up initiatives in the United States 178
11.3 Bottom]up initiatives in the European Union 185 References 187 12 Selection of Management Practices and Guidelines 190
12.1 Sustainable urban development 190
12.2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) 191
12.3 Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) strategies 193
12.4 Low Impact Development (LID) 195
12.5 Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) 198 References 200
13.1 The Bronx River, USA - Opportunities and Policies 203
13.1.1 Project development 203
13.1.2 The greenway 208
13.1.3 Policies and local community 210 References 212
13.2 Los Angeles River, USA - Opportunities and Policies 214
13.2.1 River revitalization plans 214
13.2.2 Costs and benefits 220
13.2.3 Community involvement 224 References 225
13.3 Madrid Río, Spain - Opportunities and Policies 227
13.3.1 Project development 227
13.3.2 Project costs and benefits 231 References 233
13.4 Paillon River, France - Opportunities and Policies 235
13.4.1 Framework of French water policies 235
13.4.2 Local policies and projects 236 References 242
13.5 River Thames, England - Opportunities and Policies 244
13.5.1 Water policy framework and planning strategies 244
13.5.2 Local policies and projects 247
13.5.3 Project costs and benefits 250 References 254
13.6 Emscher River, Germany - Opportunities and Policies 256
13.6.1 Project development 256
13.6.2 Policies and participation 262
13.6.3 Project costs and benefits 263 References 264 Index 266