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Preface to the second edition xv About the companion website xvii 1 Introduction to Physics 1
1.1 Speed and Velocity 1
1.2 Acceleration 1
1.3 Mass 2
1.4 Gravitation 2
1.5 Weight 3
1.6 Volume 4
1.7 Density 4
1.8 Specific Gravity 6
1.9 Newton''s First Law of Motion 6
1.10 Newton''s Second Law of Motion 6
1.11 Newton''s Third Law of Motion 7
1.12 Friction 7
1.13 Work 8
1.14 Energy 9
1.14.1 Potential Energy 9
1.14.2 Kinetic Energy 10
1.15 Power 11 Exercise
1.1 12 Reference/Further reading 12 2 Introduction to chemistry 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Electrovalency and covalency 15
2.2.1 Covalent Bond 17
2.3 Elements and Compounds 18
2.4 Symbols and Formulae 19
2.5 Acids and bases 20
2.5.1 Acids 20
2.5.2 Bases 21 Exercise
2.1 22 References/Further reading 23 3 Effects of Chemicals and the Atmosphere on Materials 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Oxidation 25
3.2.1 Experiment: To Show that Oxygen (Or Air) and Water are Necessary for the Rusting of Iron 26
3.3 Electrolysis 27
3.4 Electrolytic Corrosion 28
3.4.1 Examples of Electrolytic Corrosion 30
3.4.2 Protection of Steel from Corrosion 31
3.5 Applications of Electrolysis 32
3.5.1 Electroplating 32
3.5.2 Extraction of Aluminium 32
3.6 Acid rain 33 References/Further Reading 33 4 Electricity 35
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Coulomb''s law 35
4.3 Electric current 36
4.4 Potential difference 36
4.5 Electromotive force (e.m.f.) 37
4.6 Ohm''s law 37
4.7 Electrical resistivity and conductivity 39
4.8 Resistors in Series/Parallel 39
4.8.1 Resistors in series 39
4.8.2 Resistors in parallel 40
4.9 Transformers 43
4.10 Power generation 44
4.11 Power distribution 45
4.12 Supply to small buildings 47 Exercise
4.1 48 Reference/Further reading 49 5 Introduction to Construction Technology 51
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 Substructure and Superstructure 51
5.2.1 Soil investigation 52
5.3 Foundations 53
5.3.1 Settlement 54
5.4 Forms of Construction 55
5.5 The External Envelope 56
5.5.1 Functions of the External Envelope 57
5.5.2 Ground Floors 60
5.5.3 Cavity Walls 61
5.5.4 Suspended Timber Upper Floors 61
5.5.5 Roofs 61 References/Further Reading 61 6 Introduction to Building Services 63
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Cold Water Supply 63
6.3 Hot Water Supply 65
6.4 Central Heating Systems 65
6.5 Underfloor Heating Systems 66
6.6 Drainage Systems 67
6.6.1 Belowground Drainage System 67
6.6.2 Aboveground Drainage System 68
6.7 Integration of Services into Building Design 68 References/Further Reading 72 7 Thermal Energy 1 73
7.1 Introduction 73
7.2 Temperature 73
7.2.1 Temperature Scales 74
7.3 Units of Heat 74
7.4 States of Matter 75
7.4.1 Changes in the Physical State 75
7.4.2 Experiment: The Physical States of Water 75
7.5 Expansion and Contraction of Solids 77
7.5.1 Linear Expansion 77
7.5.2 Experiment: Determination of Coefficient of Linear Expansion 78
7.5.3 Practical Examples of Expansion and Contraction 79
7.6 Heat Transfer 81
7.6.1 Conduction 81
7.6.2 Experiment: To Compare the Thermal Conductivity of Metals 84
7.6.3 Convection 84
7.6.4 Radiation 85 Exercise
7.1 86 References/Further Reading 86 8 Thermal Energy 2 (Including Humidity) 87
8.1 Introduction 87
8.2 Thermal Insulation 87
8.2.1 Experiment: To Compare the Thermal Insulation Values of Expanded Polystyrene, Vermiculite, Mineral Wool, Glass Fibre and Cork 88
8.3 Heat Transmission 90
8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity 90
8.3.2 Thermal Resistivity (r) 91
8.3.3 Thermal Resistance (R) 91
8.4 Thermal Transmittance 92
8.5 Heat Loss from Buildings 98
8.6 Temperature Drop Through Materials 102
8.7 Humidity 104
8.7.1 Measurement of Relative Humidity 105
8.8 Condensation 107
8.8.1 The Psychrometric Chart 108
8.8.2 Prevention of Surface Condensation 108
8.8.3 Interstitial Condensation 110 Exercise
8.1 116 References/Further Reading 117 9 Forces and Structures 1 119
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 Force 119
9.2.1 Internal and External Forces 120
9.3 Bending 120
9.3.1 Deflection 122
9.4 Types of Loading 123
9.4.1 Dead Load 123
9.4.2 Imposed Load 123
9.4.3 Wind Load 123
9.4.4 Loading from other Effects 123
9.4.5 Point Load 123
9.4.6 Uniformly Distributed Load 125
9.4.7 Triangular Load 125
9.5 Stress and Strain 126
9.5.1 Stress 127
9.5.2 Strain 127
9.6 Elasticity 128
9.6.1 Experiment
1: Proof of Hooke''s Law 128
9.6.2 Experiment
2: Proof of Hooke''s Law 129
9.6.3 Factor of Safety 131 Exercise
9.1 132 References/Further Reading 133 10 Forces and structures 2 135
10.1 Moment of a force 135
10.1.1 Sign convention 136
10.2 Laws of equilibrium 139
10.3 Analysis of beams 139
10.3.1 Beam reactions 139
10.3.2 Shear force (S.F.) 144
10.3.3 Bending moment (B.M.) 149
10.4 Triangle of forces 156
10.4.1 Bow''s notation 159
10.4.2 Frames and roof trusses 161 Exercise
10.1 166 References/Further reading 169 11 Forces and structures 3 171
11.1 Introduction 171
11.2 Beams 171
11.2.1 Tension and compression in beams 171
11.2.2 Shear 172
11.2.3 Deflection 173
11.2.4 Lateral buckling 174
11.3 Reinforced concrete (R.C.) beams 175
11.3.1 Shear reinforcement 175
11.4 Steel beams 177
11.4.1 Bending 177
11.4.2 Plastic hinge 178
11.4.3 Shear 178
11.5 Timber joists 179
11.5.1 Failures in Timber Joists 180
11.5.2 Lateral buckling 181
11.6 Slabs 182
11.7 Columns 183
11.7.1 Slenderness ratio 183
11.7.2 Effective height of columns 184
11.7.3 Eccentric loading on columns 186
11.7.4 Steel columns 187
11.7.5 Reinforced Concrete Columns 188
11.8 Foundations 188
11.8.1 Strip foundation 189
11.8.2 Pad foundation 190
11.8.3 Other foundations 191 References/Further reading 192 12 Fluid mechanics 193
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 Pressure of fluids at rest 193
12.3 Why do Liquids Flow? 196
12.4 Centre of pressure 197
12.5 The flow of a fluid 199
12.5.1 Flow rate 200
12.5.2 Bernoulli''s theorem 201
12.5.3 The venturimeter 204
12.5.4 Flow in pipes: Energy loss 205
12.5.5 Flow in Open Channels 206 Exercise
12.1 208 References/Further reading 210 13 Sound 211
13.1 Introduction 211
13.2 Frequency, wavelength and velocity of sound 212
13.2.1 Frequency (f) 212
13.2.2 Wavelength (λ) 212
13.2.3 Velocity (v) 212
13.3 Measurement of sound 214
13.3.1 Threshold values of sound 215
13.3.2 The Decibel Scale 215
13.4 Addition of Sound Levels 217
13.4.1 Approximate addition of Sound Levels 217
13.5 Transmission of sound in buildings 219
13.5.1 Noise 220
13.5.2 Requirements of Sound Insulation 220
13.5.3 SoundInsulation Techniques 221
13.5.4 Noise in a workplace 224
13.5.5 Measurement of Sound Insulation 224
13.6 Sound absorption 225
13.6.1 Reverberation 227
13.6.2 Reverberation time 227
13.6.3 Types of Sound Absorbers 231
13.7 Soundlevel Meter 232 Exercise
13.1 232 References/Further reading 233 14 Light 235
14.1 Introduction 235
14.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours 236
14.3 Measuring light 237
14.3.1 Angular measure 237
14.3.2 Solid angle 237
14.3.3 Luminous intensity (I) 238
14.3.4 Luminous flux (F) 238
14.3.5 Illuminance (E) 239
14.3.6 Luminance 239
14.4 Inverse Square Law of Illuminance 240
14.5 Lambert''s Cosine Law of Illuminance 241
14.6 Lamps and luminaires 243
14.7 Design of Interior Lighting 245
14.7.1 Light Output Ratio 246
14.7.2 Direct ratio 246
14.7.3 Room index 247
14.7.4 Reflection of light 247
14.7.5 Level of illuminance 247
14.7.6 Utilisation factor (UF) 249
14.7.7 Maintenance factor (MF) 249
14.7.8 Lumen Design Method 252
14.7.9 SHR 253
14.8 Light meter 258
14.9 Daylighting 258
14.9.1 Uniform sky 258
14.9.2 CIE Standard Overcast Sky 258
14.9.3 Daylight factor 259 Exercise
14.1 261 References/Further reading 263 15 Human Comfort 265
15.1 Introduction 265
15.2 Temperature 265
15.2.1 Air Temperature 266
15.2.2 Mean Radiant Temperature 267
15.2.3 Environmental Temperature 267
15.2.4 Dry Resultant Temperature 267
15.2.5 Activity 268
15.2.6 Clothing 268
15.3 Air movement 268
15.4 Humidity 269
15.5 Ventilation 269
15.6 Predicted Mean Vote 269
15.7 Noise 270
15.8 Lighting 271 References/Further Reading 272 16 Construction materials 273
16.1 Introduction 273
16.2 Bricks 274
16.2.1