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I Introducing Astronomy 1 Astronomy and the Universe 1-1 Astronomy and the Scientific Method 1-2 The Solar System 1-3 Stars and Stellar Evolution 1-4 Galaxies and Cosmology 1-5 Angles and Angular Measure Box 1-1: The Small-Angle Formula 1-6 Powers of Ten Box 1-2: Arithmetic with Powers-of-Ten Notation 1-7 Astronomical Distances Box 1-3: Units of Length, Time and Mass 1-8 The Adventure of Astronomy Cosmic Connections: Sizes in the Universe Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities Guest Essay Why Astronomy? Sandra M. Faber 2 Knowing the Heavens 2-1 Ancient Astronomy 2-2 Constellations 2-3 Motions of the Sky 2-4 The Celestial Sphere 2-5 The Seasons Box 2-1: Celestial Coordinates 2-6 Precession 2-7 Time and Timekeeping 2-8 The Calendar Box 2-2: Sidereal Time Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities Guest Essay Why Astrology Is Not Science James Randi 3 Eclipses and the Motion of the Moon 3-1 Phases of the Moon Box 3-1: Phases and Shadows 3-2 The Moon''s Rotation 3-3 Eclipses and the Line of Nodes 3-4 Lunar Eclipses 3-5 Solar Eclipses 3-6 Measuring the Earth Box 3-2: Predicting Solar Eclipses Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities Guest Essay Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Mark Hollabaugh 4 Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets 4-1 Geocentric Models 4-2 Copernicus and Heliocentric Models Box 4-1: Relating Synodic and Sidereal Periods 4-3 Tycho Brahe''s Observations 4-4 Kepler and the Orbits of the Planets Box 4-2: Using Kepler''s Third Law 4-5 Galileo and the Telescope 4-6 Newton''s Laws of Motion Box 4-3: Newton''s Laws in Everyday Life 4-7 Energy and Gravity Box 4-4: Newton''s Form of Kepler''s Third Law Cosmic Connections Universal Gravitation 4-8 Tides and the Moon Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 5 The Nature of Light 5-1 The Speed of Light 5-2 The Wave Nature of Light 5-3 Blackbody Radiation Box 5-1: Temperatures and Temperature Scales 5-4 Wien''s Law and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law Box 5-2: Using the Laws of Blackbody Radiation 5-5 The Particle Nature of Light Box 5-3: Photons at the Supermarket 5-6 Kirchhoff''s Laws Box 5-4: Why the Sky is Blue 5-7 Atomic Structure Box 5-5: Atoms, the Periodic Table, and Isotopes 5-8 Spectral Lines and the Bohr Model 5-9 The Doppler Effect Box 5-6: Applications of the Doppler Effect Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 6 Optics and Telescopes 6-1 Refracting Telescopes Box 6-1 Magnification and Light-Gathering Power 6-2 Reflecting Telescopes 6-3 Angular Resolution 6-4 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 6-5 Spectrographs 6-6 Radio Telescopes 6-7 Telescopes in Space Cosmic Connections Telescopes Across the EM Spectrum Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities II Planets and Moons 7 Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System 7-1 Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Box 7-1: Average Density 7-2 Satellites of the Planets 7-3 The Evidence of Spectroscopy 7-4 Chemical Composition of the Planets 7-5 Asteroids, Trans-Neptunian Objects, and Comets Box 7-2 Kinetic Energy, Temperature, and Whether Planets Have Atmospheres 7-6 Cratering and Impacts 7-7 Magnetic Fields and the Interiors of Planets 7-8 Solar System Diversity Cosmic Connections Characteristics of the Planets Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 8 Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of the Solar System 8-1 Models of Solar System Diversity 8-2 Abundances of the Elements 8-3 The Age of the Solar System Box 8-1 Radioactive Dating 8-4 The Origin of the Solar System 8-5 Forming the Terrestrial Planets 8-6 Forming the Jovian Planets 8-7 Extrasolar Planets Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 9 The Living Earth 9-1 Earth''s Energy Sources 9-2 Earthquakes and Earth''s Interior 9-3 Plate Tectonics 9-4 Earth''s Magnetic Field 9-5 Earth''s Evolving Atmosphere 9-6 Circulation in Earth''s Atmosphere Cosmic Connections Comparing Earth''s Atmosphere and Interior 9-7 Human Influence on Earth''s Biosphere Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 10 Our Barren Moon 10-1 The Moon''s Airless Surface Cosmic Connections The Formation of the Craters and Maria on the Moon 10-2 Voyages to the Moon 10-3 The Moon''s Interior Box 10-1 Calculating Tidal Forces 10-4 Moon Rocks 10-5 The Formation of the Moon Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 11 Mercury, Venus, and Mars: Earthlike yet Unique 11-1 Mercury, Venus, and Mars as Seen from Earth 11-2 The Curious Rotation of Mercury and Venus 11-3 Mercury''s Surface and Interior 11-4 Missions to Venus and Mars 11-5 Volcanoes and Craters on Venus and Mars 11-6 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars 11-7 Climate Evolution on Venus and Mars Cosmic Connections Evolution of Terrestrial Atmospheres 11-8 Searching for Ancient Martian Water 11-9 The Moons of Mars Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities Scientific American Article Reading the Red Planet John P. Grotzinger and Ashwin Vasavada 12 Jupiter and Saturn: Lords of the Planets 12-1 Jupiter and Saturn as Seen from Earth 12-2 Jupiter and Saturn''s Rotation and Structure 12-3 The Clouds of Jupiter and Saturn 12-4 Atmospheric Motions on Jupiter and Saturn 12-5 Probing Jupiter''s Atmosphere 12-6 The Rocky Cores of Jupiter and Saturn 12-7 The Magnetic Fields of Jupiter and Saturn 12-8 Discovering Saturn''s Rings 12-9 The Composition of Saturn''s and Jupiter''s Rings 10-10 The Structure of Saturn''s Rings Cosmic Connections Planetary Rings and the Roche Limit 12-11 Rings and Shepherd Satellites Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 13 Jupiter and Saturn''s Satellites of Fire and Ice 13-1 Jupiter''s Galilean Satellites as Seen from Earth 13-2 Sizes, Masses, and Densities of the Galilean Satellites 13-3 Formation of the Galilean Satellites 13-4 Io''s Active Volcanoes 13-5 Electric Currents in Io 13-6 Europa''s Icy Crust 13-7 Cratered Ganymede and Callisto 13-8 Exploring Titan''s Hydrocarbon Atmosphere 13-9 Jupiter''s Swarm of Small Satellites 13-10 Saturn''s Other Icy Satellites Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 14 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Kuiper Belt: Remote Worlds 14-1 Discovering Uranus and Neptune 14-2 Weather and Seasons on Uranus 14-3 Cloud Patterns on Neptune 14-4 Inside Uranus and Neptune 14-5 Magnetic Fields of Uranus and Neptune 14-6 The Rings of Uranus and Neptune Cosmic Connections The Outer Planets: A Comparison 14-7 Uranus''s Satellites 14-8 Neptune''s Satellites 14-9 Pluto and Its Satellites 14-10 Trans-Neptunian Objects Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 15 Vagabonds of the Solar System 15-1 The Discovery of the Asteroids 15-2 Jupiter and the Asteroid Belt 15-3 The Nature of Asteroids 15-4 Impacts on Earth Cosmic Connections A Killer Asteroid 15-5 Classifying Meteorites 15-6 Meteorites and Our Origins 15-7 Comets 15-8 Comet Origins and Meteor Showers Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities Guest Essay Pluto and the Kuiper Belt Scott Sheppard III Stars and Stellar Evolution 16 Our Star, the Sun 16-1 Thermonuclear Energy Cosmic Connections Proton-Proton Chain Box 16-1 Converting Mass into Energy 16-2 A Model of the Sun 16-3 Solar Seismology 16-4 Solar Neutrinos 16-5 The Photosphere 16-6 The Chromosphere 16-7 The Corona 16-8 Sunspots 16-9 The Sunspot Cycle 16-10 The Active Sun Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 17 The Nature of the Stars 17-1 Stellar Distances and Parallax Box 17-1 Stellar Motions 17-2 apparent Brightness and Luminosity Box 17-2 Luminosity, Distance, and Apparent Brightness 17-3 The Magnitude Scale Box 17-3 Apparent Magnitude and Absolute Magnitude 17-4 Star Colors and Temperatures 17-5 Spectral Classes Box 17-4 Stellar Radii, Luminosities, and Surface Temperatures 17-6 The Sizes of Stars 17-7 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 17-8 Spectroscopic Parallax 17-9 Binary Stars and Stellar Masses Cosmic Connections The main Sequence and Masses 17-10 Spectroscopy and Close Binaries 17-11 Eclipsing Binaries Key Words and Ideas Questions and Activities 18 The Birth of Stars 18-1 Modeling Stellar Evolution 18-2 The Interstellar Medium Box 18-1 Fluorescent Lights 18-3 Protostars and Dark Nebulae 18-4 Reaching t