Hjem

Foreword XXVII Preface XXIX 1 Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnolgy and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges 1 Ajit Jillavenkatesa
1.1 Standards and Standardization 1
1.2 Nanotechnology Standardization 2
1.3 Nanomaterial Standardization 8
1.4 Challenges 9
1.5 Opportunities 12
1.6 Summary 13
Part One Nanotechnology Basics: Definitions, Synthesis, and Properties 15 2 Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origin, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities 17 Frederick C. Klaessig
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Context based on Size, Property, and Regulatory Framework 19
2.3 Nano-objects: Particles, Shapes, and Shape Descriptors 24
2.4 Collections of Nano-Objects 27
2.5 Layers and Coatings as Surface Chemistry 31
2.6 National Definitions 32
2.7 Nomenclature 34
2.8 Terminology as a Controlled Vocabulary and Nomenclature as Knowledge Organization 42
2.9 Concluding Remarks 44 Acknowledgments 44 References 45 3 Engineered Nanomaterials: a Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials 49 Marcel Van de Voorde, Maciej Tulinski, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
3.1 Description of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 49
3.2 Nanomaterials'' Morphologies 49
3.3 Types of Nanomaterials 53
3.4 Properties of Nanomaterials 58
3.5 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 61
3.6 Conclusions and Outlook 69 References 70 4 Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods 75 Maciej Tulinski and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
4.1 Classification 75
4.2 Physical Methods 78
4.3 Chemical Methods 82
4.4 Mechanical Methods 87
4.5 Biological Synthesis 94
4.6 Summary 95 References 96 5 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 99 Linda J. Johnston, Elisabeth Mansfield, and Gregory J. Smallwood
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Composition 100
5.3 Size and Size Distribution 102
5.4 Morphology and Shape 105
5.5 Aggregation and Agglomeration 107
5.6 Surface Properties 108
5.7 Conclusions and Outlook 110 References 111 6 Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 115 Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Gyeong Son, Jin Hyoung Kim, Tae Geol Lee, and Jeong Hun Kim
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Biological Properties of ENMs 116
6.3 Metrology and Standardization of ENMs in the Context of Biological Properties 123
6.4 Conclusions 125 References 125
Part Two Metrology for Engineered Nanomaterials 129 7 Characterization of Nanomaterials 131 Alan F. Rawle
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Size 133
7.3 Shape 136
7.4 Surface 139
7.5 Solubility 142
7.6 International Standards and Standardization 144
7.7 Summary 146 Acknowledgments 146 References 147 8 Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials 151 Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 ENM Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization 154
8.3 Summary 169 List of Abbreviations 169 Disclaimer 170 References 170 9 Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments 175 Bryant C. Nelson and Vytas Reipa
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Nanoparticle Measurements in Soils and Sediments 175
9.3 Nanoparticle Measurements in Air 177
9.4 Nanoparticle Measurements in Cosmetics 179
9.5 Nanoparticle Measurements in Aquatic Environments 180
9.6 Nanoparticle Measurements in Foods 182
9.7 Nanoparticle Measurements in Biological Matrices 184
9.8 Key Challenges for Characterizing Nanoparticle Sizes and Shapes in Biological Matrices 184
9.9 Key Challenges in the Quantitative Measurement of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 186
9.10 Key Challenges for Determining Nanoparticle Dose/Concentration in Biological Matrices 187
9.11 Key Challenges in Measuring Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Biological Matrices 188
9.12 Notable Instrumentation for Characterizing Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 188
9.13 Concluding Remarks 190 NIST Disclaimer 191 List of Acronyms 191 References 192 10 Metrology for the Dimensional Parameter Study of Nanoparticles 197 N. Feltin, S. Ducourtieux, and A. Delvallée
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Traceability of the Dimensional Measurements at the Nanoscale 198
10.3 Measuring the Nanoparticle Size 201
10.4 Conclusions 209 References 209 11 Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques: Nanoscale Properties 211 Daisuke Fujita
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Historical Overview of Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques 212
11.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 214
11.4 Electron Microscopy 219
11.5 Emerging Nanocharacterization Techniques 222
11.6 Summary 227 References 227 12 Tribological Testing and Standardization at the Micro- and Nanoscale 229 Esteban Broitman
12.1 Introduction 229
12.2 A Brief History of Tribology 230
12.3 Scale Effects in Tribology Testing 232
12.4 Experimental Methods for Tribology Characterization 234
12.5 International Standardization in Micro- and Nanotechnology 243 Acknowledgments 246 References 246 13 Stochastic Aspects of Sizing Nanoparticles 249 Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski
13.1 Introduction 249 References 257
Part Three Nanotechnology Standards 259 14 ISO Technical Committee 229 Nanotechnologies 261 Heather Benko
14.1 Introduction 261
14.2 ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies 262 References 267 15 Standards from ASTM International Technical Committee E56 on Nanotechnology 269 Debra L. Kaiser and Kathleen Chalfin
15.1 Introduction 269
15.2 ASTM International 270
15.3 ASTM Technical Committee E56 271
15.4 ASTM E56 Standards 273
15.5 ASTM E56 Future Technical Focus Areas 276
15.6 Summary 277 References 277 16 International Electrotechnical Commission: Nanotechnology Standards 279 Michael Leibowitz
16.1 International Electrotechnical Commission 279
16.2 IEC Technical Committee 113 280
16.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 286 References 286 17 Standardization of Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols 289 Dr. Jean-Marc Aublant
17.1 Genesis of CEN/TC 352 289
17.2 Nanostrand: a European Road Map of Standards Needs for Nanotechnologies 290
17.3 Mandate for a European Standardization Program for Nanotechnologies 291
17.4 Mandate for Developing European Standards for Nanotechnologies 293
17.5 Publication and Ongoing Work of CEN/TC 352 294 References 297 18 Nanomaterial Recommendations from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 299 Elisabeth Mansfield, Richard Hartshorn, and Andrew Atkinson
18.1 IUPAC Organization 299
18.2 The Future of IUPAC in Nanotechnology 302
18.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 304 References 305 19 Reference Nanomaterials to Improve the Reliability of Nanoscale Measurements 307 G. Roebben, V.A. Hackley, and H. Emons
19.1 Introduction 307
19.2 Reference Materials for Quality Control 308
19.3 Reference Materials for Instrument Calibration 310
19.4 Reference Materials for Method Validation 312
19.4.3 Example
3: Within-Laboratory Method Validation 315
19.5 Outlook/Future Trends 317
19.6 Conclusions 320 Acknowledgment 320 Disclaimer 320 References 321 20 Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and its Role in Nanotechnology Standardization 323 Stephen Freiman
20.1 Background 323
20.2 How Does VAMAS Help? 324
20.3 The VAMAS Role in Nanotechnology 325
20.4 Summary 326
Part Four Risk-Related Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials 327 21 Categorization of Engineered Nanomaterials For Regulatory Decision-Making 329 Maria J. Doa
21.1 Introduction 329
21.2 Chemical Categories 330
21.3 Adoption of a Similar Approach for Nanomaterials 331
21.4 Categorization in a North American Regulatory Context 334
21.5 Physicochemical Properties 339
21.6 Conclusion 340 References 340 22 Nano-Exposure Science: How Does Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials Happen? 343 Christie M. Sayes and Grace V. Aquino
22.1 Introduction 343
22.2 The Stages of a Product''s Lifecycle 343
22.3 Product Life Evaluation 344
22.4 Product Lifecycle versus Product Value Chain 344
22.5 Exposure at Each Stage of the ENM Product Lifecycle 348
22.6 Environmental Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Common Nano-enabled Products 354
22.7 Conclusions 356 References 357 23 Nanotoxicology: Role of Physical and Chemical Characterization and Related In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Methods 363 Pavan M. V. Raja, Ghislaine Lacroix, Jacques-Aurélien Sergent, Frédéric Bois, Andrew R. Barron, Enrico Monbelli, and Dan Elgrabli
23.1 Importance of Toxicological Studies - Interaction of Nanoparticles and Livin